The Maximum Effect of Wind on Wave Overtopping at Rubble Mound Breakwaters with the Influence of the Slope and a Crest Element

The impact of climate change, particularly the rise in sea levels, obstructs the effectiveness of existing coastal structures. Additionally, climate change can also have an amplifying effect on wind speeds (Takagi & Esteban, 2013). Without proper control, the accumulation of changing environmental boundary conditions could lead to disastrous...

The maximum influence of wind on wave overtopping at mildly sloping dikes with a crest element

Due to the rising sea level in combination with land subsidence there is a need to reinforce the dikes. The use of a crest element to increase the height of the dike is an effective and relatively cheap way to reinforce the dikes (Hogeveen, 2021). When a crest element is used, the jet generated by wave breaking on the dike slope impacts on the...

The maximum wind effect on wave overtopping at dikes with crest elements

Climate change affects sea level rise and the safety of the people living behind seadikes. In order to prepare for this, several adaptation measures are available to reduce the overtopping discharge. Wave overtopping can be reduced by including roughness elements or adding a berm. Another possibility is to employ crest elements such as a...