Time-Dependent Finite Element Analysis in Restrained Concrete: A study on the effect of analysing the combination of hardening processes and external loading on improving the prediction of the development of design stresses

Concrete is widely used in civil engineering and despite its long history, accurate prediction of the hardening process, particularly in partially restrained conditions, remains a challenge. During the hardening of partially restrained concrete, residual stresses occur due to restrained deformations caused by factors such as heating/cooling and...