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Eisma, Y.B. (author), Bakay, A. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Introduction<br/>In the 1950s and 1960s, John Senders carried out a number of influential experiments on the monitoring of multidegree-of-freedom systems. In these experiments, participants were tasked with detecting events (threshold crossings) for multiple dials, each presenting a signal with different bandwidth. Senders’ analyses showed a...journal article 2023
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When terminology hinders research: the colloquialisms of transitions of control in automated drivingMaggi, Davide (author), Romano, Richard (author), Carsten, Oliver (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)During the last 20 years, technological advancement and economic interests have motivated research on automated driving and its impact on drivers’ behaviour, especially after transitions of control. Indeed, once the Automated Driving System (ADS) reaches its operational limits, it is forced to request human intervention. However, the fast...journal article 2022
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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Petermeijer, S.M. (author), Abbink, D.A. (author)A major question in human-automation interaction is whether tasks should be traded or shared between human and automation. This work presents reflections—which have evolved through classroom debates between the authors over the past 10 years—on these two forms of human-automation interaction, with a focus on the automated driving domain. As...journal article 2022
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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Saffarian, M (author), Senders, John W. (author)Objective: To share results of an experiment that used visual occlusion for a new purpose: inducing a waiting time. Background: Senders was a leading figure in human factors. In his research on the visual demands of driving, he used occlusion techniques. Methods: In a simulator experiment, we examined how drivers brake for different levels of...journal article 2022
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Cabrall, C.D.D. (author), Stapel, J.C.J. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Objective: We investigated a driver monitoring system (DMS) designed to adaptively back up distracted drivers with automated driving. Background: Humans are likely inadequate for supervising today’s on-road driving automation. Conversely, backup concepts can use eye-tracker DMS to retain the human as the primary driver and use computerized...journal article 2020
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Roozendaal, Jeroen (author), Johansson, Emma (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Abbink, D.A. (author), Petermeijer, S.M. (author)Objective: This study aims to compare the effectiveness and subjective acceptance of three designs for haptic lane-keeping assistance in truck driving. Background: Haptic lane-keeping assistance provides steering torques toward a reference trajectory, either continuously or only when exceeding a bandwidth. These approaches have been...journal article 2020
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Eriksson, Alexander (author), Petermeijer, S.M. (author), Zimmermann, Markus (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Bengler, Klaus J. (author), Stanton, Neville A. (author)This paper assessed four types of human–machine interfaces (HMIs), classified according to the stages of automation proposed by Parasuraman et al. [“A model for types and levels of human interaction with automation,” IEEE Trans. Syst. Man, Cybern. A, Syst. Humans, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 286–297, May 2000]. We hypothesized that drivers would...journal article 2019
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Melman, T. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Mouton, Xavier (author), Tapus, Adriana (author), Abbink, D.A. (author)Several modern vehicles provide the option to select a driving mode. However, the literature contains no empirical studies that investigate how driving modes affect the vehicle's dynamic behaviour in regular on-road driving. We examined for which CAN-bus signals the differences between Renault's Multi-Sense® comfort and sport modes are most...journal article 2019
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Cabrall, C.D.D. (author), Eriksson, Alexander (author), Dreger, F.A. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)This work aimed to organise recommendations for keeping people engaged during human supervision of driving automation, encouraging a safe and acceptable introduction of automated driving systems. First, heuristic knowledge of human factors, ergonomics, and psychological theory was used to propose solution areas to human supervisory control...journal article 2019
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Zhang, Bo (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Varotto, S.F. (author), Happee, R. (author), Martens, Marieke (author)An important question in automated driving research is how quickly drivers take over control of the vehicle in response to a critical event or a take-over request. Although a large number of studies have been performed, results vary strongly. In this study, we investigated mean take-over times from 129 studies with SAE level 2 automation or...journal article 2019
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Eriksson, A. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Stanton, Neville A. (author)Driving simulators have been used since the beginning of the 1930s to assist researchers in assessing driver behaviour without putting the driver in harm’s way. The current manuscript describes the implementation of a toolbox for automated driving research on the widely used STISIM platform. The toolbox presented in this manuscript allows...journal article 2018
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Abbink, D.A. (author), Carlson, Tom (author), Mulder, M. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Aminravan, Farzad (author), Gibo, T.L. (author), Boer, E.R. (author)Shared control is an increasingly popular approach to facilitate control and communication between humans and intelligent machines. However, there is little consensus in guidelines for design and evaluation of shared control, or even in a definition of what constitutes shared control. This lack of consensus complicates cross fertilization of...journal article 2018
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Cabrall, C.D.D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Happee, R. (author)A majority (95%) of crashes can be attributed to humans, with the highest cause category (41%) involving errors of recognition (i.e., inattention, distraction, inadequate surveillance) [1]. Driving safety research often claims that as much as 90% of the information that drivers use is visual. However, these claims have been hampered by a lack of...conference paper 2017
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Heikoop, D.D. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), van Arem, B. (author), Stanton, N.A. (author)Platooning, whereby automated vehicles travel closely together in a group, is attractive in terms of safety and efficiency. However, concerns exist about the psychological state of the platooning driver, who is exempted from direct control, yet remains responsible for monitoring the outside environment to detect potential threats. By means of a...journal article 2017
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Schakel, W.J. (author), Gorter, C.M. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), van Arem, B. (author)With the increasing number of vehicles equipped with Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), it becomes important to assess its impact on traffic flow efficiency, in particular with respect to capacity and queue discharge rate. Simulation studies and surveys suggest that ACC has both positive and negative effects on traffic flow, but empirical...journal article 2017
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Lu, Z. (author), Happee, R. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)This study presents a numerical model that describes the dynamic process of building situation awareness after an automation-initiated transition. The model predicts the level of situation awareness as a function of elapsed time since the transition, and is verified using data from an experiment in which participants watched animated video...conference paper 2017
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de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Stanton, NA (author), Price, J.S. (author), Mistry, H. (author)Until automated cars function perfectly, drivers will have to take over control when automation fails or reaches its functional limits. Two simulator experiments (N = 24 and 27) were conducted, each testing four automation levels ranging from manual control (MC) to highly automated driving. In both experiments, participants about once every 3...journal article 2016
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Lu, Z. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)The paper reviews some of the essentials of human-machine interaction in automated driving, focusing on control authority transitions. We introduce a driving state model describing the human monitoring level and the allocation of lateral and longitudinal control tasks. An authority transition in automated driving is defined as the process of...conference paper 2015
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Saffarian, M (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author), Senders, J.W. (author)It is commonly accepted that vision plays an important role in car braking, but it is unknown how people brake in the absence of visual information. In this simulator study, we measured drivers’ braking behaviour while they had to stop their car at designated positions on the road. The access to visual information was manipulated by occluding...journal article 2015
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Petermeijer, SM (author), Abbink, D.A. (author), de Winter, J.C.F. (author)Objective: The aim of this study was to compare continuous versus bandwidth haptic steering guidance in terms of lane-keeping behavior, aftereffects, and satisfaction. Background: An important human factors question is whether operators should be supported continuously or only when tolerance limits are exceeded. We aimed to clarify this issue...journal article 2015