Effective soil-stiffness validation: Shaker excitation of an in-situ monopile foundation

In an attempt to decrease the modelling uncertainty associated with the soil-structure interaction of large-diameter monopile foundations, a hydraulic shaker was used to excite a real-sized, in-situ monopile foundation in stiff, sandy soil in a near-shore wind farm. The response in terms of natural frequency and damping of a pile-only system...