Effect of Post Take Over Situation Complexity on Take Over Behaviour and Driver's Trust in Conditionally Automated Driving

In conditionally automated driving, drivers should be free to engage in non-driving-related tasks until warned by the system to take over. Over-reliance on automation can lead to dangerous driving behaviour such as engagement in non-related driving tasks during the transition phase and delayed response to take over requests. Take-over time and...

A toolbox for automated driving on the STISIM driving simulator

Driving simulators have been used since the beginning of the 1930s to assist researchers in assessing driver behaviour without putting the driver in harm’s way. The current manuscript describes the implementation of a toolbox for automated driving research on the widely used STISIM platform. The toolbox presented in this manuscript allows...

Usefulness and satisfaction of take-over requests for highly automated driving

This paper summarizes our results from survey research and driving simulator experiments on auditory, vibrotactile, and visual take-over requests in highly automated driving. Our review shows that vibrotactile takeover requests in the driver’s seat yielded relatively high ratings of self-reported usefulness and satisfaction. Auditory take-over...

What makes driving difficult?: Perceived effort and eye measures follow visible semantic complexity factors

A majority (95%) of crashes can be attributed to humans, with the highest cause category (41%) involving errors of recognition (i.e., inattention, distraction, inadequate surveillance) [1]. Driving safety research often claims that as much as 90% of the information that drivers use is visual. However, these claims have been hampered by a lack of...

Comparing spatially static and dynamic vibrotactile take-over requests in the driver seat

Vibrotactile stimuli can be effective as warning signals, but their effectiveness as directional take-over requests in automated driving is yet unknown. This study aimed to investigate the correct response rate, reaction times, and eye and head orientation for static versus dynamic directional take-over requests presented via vibrating motors...

Take-over again: Investigating multimodal and directional TORs to get the driver back into the loop

When a highly automated car reaches its operational limits, it needs to provide a take-over request (TOR) in order for the driver to resume control. The aim of this simulator-based study was to investigate the effects of TOR modality and left/right directionality on drivers' steering behaviour when facing a head-on collision without having...

Auditory interfaces in automated driving: an international survey

This study investigated peoples’ opinion on auditory interfaces in contemporary<br/>cars and their willingness to be exposed to auditory feedback in automated driving. We used an Internet-based survey to collect 1,205 responses from 91 countries. The respondents stated their attitudes towards two existing auditory driver assistance systems, a...