Air–water properties of unsteady breaking bores part 1: Novel Eulerian and Lagrangian velocity measurements using intrusive and non-intrusive techniques

Transient motion, turbulence and bubble dynamics make any velocity quantification extremely difficult in unsteady gas–liquid flows. In the present study, novel Eulerian and Lagrangian techniques of velocimetry were developed, using both intrusive and non-intrusive measurements. The selected unsteady gas–liquid flow was a breaking bore,...