Trained innate immunity modulates osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation

Macrophages are key regulators in bone repair and regeneration. Recent studies have shown that long-term epigenetic changes and metabolic shifts occur during specific immune training of macrophages that affect their functional state, resulting in heightened (trained) or reduced (tolerant) responses upon exposure to a second stimulus. This is...

Modulating the inflammatory phenotype of monocyte-derived dendritic cells using osmolality in 3D microenvironments

Delayed healing or non-union of bone fractures are still clinically and economically relevant problems. Bone healing includes pro- and anti-inflammatory phases, which proved crucial for successful healing. Being able to modulate these inflammatory responses could potentially promote bone fracture healing. Dendritic cells play important roles in...

Use of therapeutic pathogen recognition receptor ligands for osteo-immunomodulation

Therapeutic pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) ligands are reaching clinical practice following their ability to skew the immune response in a specific direction. We investigated the effects of various therapeutic PRR ligands on bone cell differentiation and inflammation. Following stimu-lation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity (Day 10),...

The role of bacterial stimuli in inflammation-driven bone formation

Immune cells and their soluble factors regulate skeletal cells during normal bone regeneration and pathological bone formation. Bacterial infections can trigger immune responses that activate pro-osteogenic pathways, but these are usually overshadowed by osteolysis and concerns of systemic inflammation. The aim of this study was to determine...