When terminology hinders research: the colloquialisms of transitions of control in automated driving

During the last 20 years, technological advancement and economic interests have motivated research on automated driving and its impact on drivers’ behaviour, especially after transitions of control. Indeed, once the Automated Driving System (ADS) reaches its operational limits, it is forced to request human intervention. However, the fast...

Redesigning Today’s Driving Automation Toward Adaptive Backup Control With Context-Based and Invisible Interfaces

Objective: We investigated a driver monitoring system (DMS) designed to adaptively back up distracted drivers with automated driving. Background: Humans are likely inadequate for supervising today’s on-road driving automation. Conversely, backup concepts can use eye-tracker DMS to retain the human as the primary driver and use computerized...

Determinants of take-over time from automated driving: A meta-analysis of 129 studies

An important question in automated driving research is how quickly drivers take over control of the vehicle in response to a critical event or a take-over request. Although a large number of studies have been performed, results vary strongly. In this study, we investigated mean take-over times from 129 studies with SAE level 2 automation or...

Rolling out the red (and green) carpet: Supporting driver decision making in automation-to-manual transitions

This paper assessed four types of human–machine interfaces (HMIs), classified according to the stages of automation proposed by Parasuraman et al. [“A model for types and levels of human interaction with automation,” IEEE Trans. Syst. Man, Cybern. A, Syst. Humans, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 286–297, May 2000]. We hypothesized that drivers would...

What makes driving difficult?: Perceived effort and eye measures follow visible semantic complexity factors

A majority (95%) of crashes can be attributed to humans, with the highest cause category (41%) involving errors of recognition (i.e., inattention, distraction, inadequate surveillance) [1]. Driving safety research often claims that as much as 90% of the information that drivers use is visual. However, these claims have been hampered by a lack of...

A Method for Determining How Much Time People Need to Understand Traffic Situations

It is expected that in the coming decade, cars with an automated driving mode will become available. Most likely, this automated mode will only be used in specific situations and/or on specific roads, which means that the driver/automation needs to switch between the automated mode and manual control. Such switches are termed ‘transitions of...