What Should You Know? A Human-In-the-Loop Approach to Unknown Unknowns Characterization in Image Recognition

Unknown unknowns represent a major challenge in reliable image recognition. Existing methods mainly focus on unknown unknowns identification, leveraging human intelligence to gather images that are potentially difficult for the machine. To drive a deeper understanding of unknown unknowns and more effective identification and treatment, this...

Cost contingency and cost evolvement of construction projects in the preconstruction phase

The current literature discusses the methods to estimate the costs and cost contingency. The literature also distinguishes "known unknowns" and "unknown unknowns" contingencies. Little is written, however, about the evolvement of total project cost estimates during the preconstruction phase of construction projects. Moreover, not many studies...