Risk assessment methods for water resource recovery for the production of bio-composite materials: Literature review and future research directions

Bio-composite materials made from resources recovered from the water cycle are the future of the holistic approach towards sustainable wastewater treatment. The raw ingredients for these materials are coming from contaminated sources such as wastewater resources, water plants from surface water etc.. Thus, different risks like human health,...

A novel sensor measuring local voidage profile inside a fluidised bed reactor

Liquid-solid fluidisation is frequently encountered in drinking water treatment processes, often to obtain a large liquid-solid interfacial surface area. A large surface area is crucial for optimal seeded crystallisation in full-scale softening reactors. Due to crystallisation, particles grow and migrate to a lower zone in the reactor which...

Experimental and numerical insights into heterogeneous liquid-solid behaviour in drinking water softening reactors

Liquid-solid fluidisation is frequently encountered in drinking water treatment processes, for instance in seeded crystallisation softening processes. For modest superficial fluid velocities, liquid–solid fluidisation systems are generally considered to be homogeneous, as reported in literature. However, during fluidisation experiments with...

Quantification and modelling of organic micropollutant removal by reverse osmosis (RO) drinking water treatment

Reverse osmosis (RO) is the most promising membrane technology in organic micropollutants (MPs) removal of drinking water treatment. For 78 MPs, passage and removal were evaluated with an ESPA3 RO membrane and the robustness of RO against MPs was studied. The MPs were classified according to their charge and hydrophobicity. The results showed...

Fluidisation characteristics of granular activated carbon in drinking water treatment applications

Granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration is an important unit operation in drinking water treatment. GAC filtration is widely used for its filtration and adsorption capabilities as a barrier for undesired organic macro- and micro-pollutants. GAC filtration consists of two successive phases: adsorption and filtration, capturing the impurities...

New hydraulic insights into rapid sand filter bed backwashing using the Carman–Kozeny model

Fluid flow through a bed of solid particles is an important process that occurs in full-scale water treatment operations. The Carman–Kozeny model remains highly popular for estimating the resistance across the bed. It is common practice to use particle shape factors in fixed bed state to match the predicted drag coefficient with experimentally...

Accurate voidage prediction in fluidisation systems for full-scale drinking water pellet softening reactors using data driven models

In full-scale drinking water production plants in the Netherlands, central softening is widely used for reasons related to public health, client comfort, and economic and environmental benefits. Almost 500 million cubic meters of water is softened annually through seeded crystallisation in fluidised bed reactors. The societal call for a circular...

Development and application of relevance and reliability criteria for water treatment removal efficiencies of chemicals of emerging concern

With the growth in production and use of chemicals and the fact that many end up in the aquatic environment, there is an increasing need for advanced water treatment technologies that can remove chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) from water. The current lack of a homogenous approach for testing advanced water treatment technologies hampers...

Bromate reduction by iron(II) during managed aquifer recharge: A laboratory-scale study

The removal of bromate (BrO₃ ^-) as a byproduct of ozonation in subsequent managed aquifer recharge (MAR) systems has so far gained little attention. This preliminary study with anoxic batch experiments was executed to explore the feasibility of chemical BrO₃ ^- reduction in Fe-reducing zones of MAR...

Rainwater harvesting in the Netherlands: useful or not?

Often rainwater harvesting is considered as an important contribution to a more sustainable society. Rainwater is assumed to be clean water, requiring only limited treatment, and it is thought that there is sufficient rainwater available to provide people with drinking water. In order to check these assumptions, we carried out a desk study into...

Effect of residual H2O2 from advanced oxidation processes on subsequent biological water treatmen: A laboratory batch study

H2O2 residuals from advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) may have critical impacts on the microbial ecology and performance of subsequent biological treatment processes, but little is known. The objective of this study was to evaluate how H2O2 residuals influence sand systems with an emphasis on dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal, microbial...

Decision support for water quality management of contaminants of emerging concern

Water authorities and drinking water companies are challenged with the question if, where and how to abate contaminants of emerging concern in the urban water cycle. The most effective strategy under given conditions is often unclear to these stakeholders as it requires insight into several aspects of the contaminants such as sources, properties...