Dissolution and Electrochemical Reduction of Rare Earth Oxides in Fluoride Electrolytes

Rare earth elements (REEs) are a group of 17 metallic elements, including 15 lanthanides, scandium and yttrium, which have remarkably similar chemical and physical properties. Nowadays, rare earth metals are widely used in such fields as electronics, petroleum, and metallurgy. Rare earth elements are considered as vitamin to modern industry and...

Conditioning of Aggressive Water

Worldwide limestone (CaCO3) filtration is used in many treatment plants for the conditioning and (re)mineralization of drinking water. The goals are to increase the concentrations of Ca2+ and HCO3-, the pH and the Saturation Index (SI), thereby improving the quality of the water regarding corrosion control, buffering and taste. Typical...