Experimental investigation of overflowing over river groyne exposed to primary ship-induced waves

Groynes in the Lower Elbe estuary in Germany are subject to attack from overflowing long-period primary ship-induced waves. Damage can occur on the crest and lee side of the structure due to the high turbulent overflowing flow velocities. An actual design tool for groynes exposed to overflowing primary ship waves is not yet present. Therefore,...