The 3 × 120° rotary mechanism of Paracoccus denitrificans F1-ATPase is different from that of the bacterial and mitochondrial F1-ATPases

The rotation of Paracoccus denitrificans F₁-ATPase (PdF₁) was studied using single-molecule microscopy. At all concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or a slowly hydrolyzable ATP analog (ATPγS), above or below K_m, PdF1 showed three dwells per turn, each separated by 120°. Analysis of dwell time between...

Oscillation and rotation of levitated liquid droplet

The oscillation and rotation of a levitated liquid droplet are simulated numerically using the level set method. The frequency and the damping of the oscillation for small amplitude are shown to agree well with those by the linear theory. It is shown that the oscillation frequency decreases as the amplitude increases. The oscillation frequency...