An improved mean-field homogenization model for the three-dimensional elastic properties of masonry

Accurate assessment of the overall mechanical behavior of masonry, composed of bricks and mortar joints, remains challenging due to its inhomogeneous and orthotropic nature. In this study, the feasibility of various mean-field homogenization schemes for the three-dimensional orthotropic elastic properties of masonry is comprehensively...

A plane stress softening plasticity model for orthotropic materials