A Novel Multiple-Ring Aromatic Spacer Based 2D Ruddlesden–Popper CsPbI₃ Solar Cell with Record Efficiency Beyond 16%

Two-dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) CsPbI₃ perovskite possesses superior phase stability by introducing steric hindrance. However, due to the quantum and dielectric confinement effect, 2D structures usually exhibit large exciton binding energy, and the charge tunneling barrier across the organic interlayer is difficult to...

Estimating the probability of vertical overlap from the paired aircraft data obtained in the european vertical data collection using the program DGLDiF

The problem of estimating the probability of vertical overlap in possible future airway systems with a vertical separation standard of 1000 ft above Flight Level 290 is addressed. It forms part of an overall safety assessment of such potential systems. The problem is solved by developing a mathematical probability model of the vertical distance...