Working with pneumatics can be done using a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), which commands the individual actuators. To start, the movements of each component are described in a displacement diagram. From this diagram, ladder logic can be extracted, which is a set of conditions with corresponding actions. These actions are executed when the conditions hold. This ladder logic is the programming language of PLCs and makes it possible to control pneumatics. De Techniekschool provides courses on these techniques and pneumatics. This report describes the research, design and implementation of a software application to aid students in their education of pneumatics. The main goal is to allow users to create a displacement diagram and then generate the corresponding ladder logic based on this diagram. This will allow users to understand how this conversion works and help them in understanding PLC programming. In the research phase, various designs were evaluated. The implementation of the compiler was thought out and possible designs for the Graphical User Interface (GUI) for creating the diagram were explored. In the case of the GUI, the final implementation differs from the initial chosen design. This is because, during the project, it was discovered that the design did not work as well as intended, thus the switch was made. To guarantee the correct behaviour of the product, each individual component was tested on its own with unit tests. Besides a compiler and the ability to draw displacement diagrams, features of Stepladder include the option to save and open work, and the option to undo and redo actions. It is also possible to show the signals which the PLC will receive and send. These signals already play a vital role in the conversion from displacement diagram to ladder logic and the generated signals can help to understand this conversion. Desirable features which are not yet implemented are the support for multiple languages and improvements to the accessibility of the application. Also, a more advanced compiler is desired, because the current compiler does create ladder logic according to a valid technique, but it is not the optimal solution. For learning purposes, an optimal conversion may be desired. Proper user testing is also desired to verify the design and whether the application is easy to use. To conclude, the final product allows the user to create displacement diagrams and generate ladder logic. This can be used to study the conversion needed in PLC programming. The final product meets the design goals set in the design process. Besides the design goals, the product also satisfies the initial requirements. There are some features the client could implement but these are not required.

Modern vehicles have multiple different buses to communicate between components, like CAN (FD) and FlexRay. ZF builds ”innovation vehicles” with new components to showcase and test them. These components are connected to the automotive buses. ZF uses a web-based Human Machine Interface (HMI) to control and view the state of these parts. This HMI is needed because some systems are not visible or controllable in regular operation. A gateway is required to connect the HMI and the buses. ZF currently uses a CAN to WebSocket gateway that does not support other buses. There is no readily available hardware with the required buses and interfaces. A WebSocket interface is required, as the HMI is running in a browser, limiting the possible protocols. Therefore, the challenge for this thesis is how to (re)design this HMI system for future innovation vehicles with buses besides CAN. Each vehicle can have a different number and types of buses, so the system must be able to cope with this. The HMI system is not the only part in the network, so it also must be efficient to not interfere with other systems, like network cameras. This redesign was done by analysing the types of buses, the hardware that could be used, and the software components needed for this flexible system. The software components were mapped onto the available hardware to make the architecture as flexible and efficient as possible. Two mappings are proposed, one using a Software Gateway, a custom application with support for different hardware interface drivers, capable of running on Windows, Linux and in containers. The other mapping uses WebSockify, where WebSocket messages are converted to TCP/UDP messages. These two mappings were combined into a single architecture to combine the features and possibilities of both systems. Then a Minimum Viable Product (MVP) was made to test the envisioned architecture, showing excellent results compared to the current solution while adding more flexibility and other features. Using this new HMI system, the HMI developers can interface with more types of networks, build HMIs that connect to multiple different vehicles and make distributed HMI systems.