Residential public charging points are shared by multiple electric vehicle drivers, often neighbours. Therefore, charging behaviour is embedded in a social context. Behaviours that affect, or are influenced by, other public charging point users have been sparsely studied and lack an overarching and comprehensive definition. Consequently, very few measures are applied in practice to influence charging behaviour. We aim to classify and define the social dimension of charging behaviour from a social-psychological perspective and, using a behaviour change framework, identify and analyse the measures to influence this behaviour. We interviewed 15 experts on residential public charging infrastructure in the Netherlands. We identified 17 charging behaviours rooted in interpersonal interactions between individuals and interactions between individuals and technology. These behaviours can be categorised into prosocial and antisocial charging behaviours. Prosocial charging behaviour provides or enhances the opportunity for other users to charge their vehicle at the public charging point, for instance by charging only when necessary. Antisocial charging behaviour prevents or diminishes this opportunity, for instance by occupying the charging point after charging, intentionally or unintentionally. We then identified 23 measures to influence antisocial and prosocial charging behaviours. These measures can influence behaviour through human–technology interaction, such as providing charging etiquettes to new electric vehicle drivers or charging idle fees, and interpersonal interaction, such as social pressure from other charging point users or facilitating social interactions to exchange requests. Our approach advocates for more attention to the social dimension of charging behaviour.

The storage of renewable electricity in chemical bonds is a compelling technological option that combines flexibility with the synthesis of high energy-dense fuels and chemicals and may use CO2 as raw material. The electrochemical conversion of CO2 is not yet a mature technology. Both fields, electrochemical conversion and carbon dioxide utilisation (CDU), have their own trade-offs; CO2 electrochemical reduction (CO2ER) environmental and economic performance is highly context-dependent. The successful deployment of CO2 electrochemical conversion will depend not only on the further development and scaling of the technology but also on finding appropriate combinations of technologies, business models, and socioeconomic strategies. The current project aims to create critical knowledge on the sustainable implementation of CO2 electrochemical devices for a variety of contexts. The research approach presented in the current work will develop a multidisciplinary framework to assess the contributions and trade-offs of CO2 electrochemical systems, including centralised and decentralised configurations, which are evaluated under realistic conditions. This is a crucial step in understanding the role and contribution of CO2ER within the different CO2 mitigation options in place in the upcoming years. To achieve the project’s goal, we propose a multidisciplinary methodology that includes process systems engineering (PSE) and operations research (OR) tools, and humanistic and social sciences methodologies. Modelling and optimisation techniques, value-sensitive design, and identification of government and market-based governance interventions will help identifying potential areas of improvement and bottlenecks to successfully bring CO2ER to the market. The assessment will be performed at several levels: unit (reaction pathways), process (scheduling and operation, plant layout optimisation), supply chain (optimisation under deterministic and stochastic conditions), and system (social, governance and markets perspectives) of CO2ER. The project results will (i) propose optimal CO2ER-based plants and (ii) supply chains under different contexts; (iii) translate stakeholders’ sustainability value into design requirements for CO2ER; (iv) propose a list of government interventions and market mechanisms that will allow CO2ER market penetration, and (v) identify, quantify and mitigate the influence of the most relevant sources of uncertainty.