Compacted graphite iron is the material of choice for engine cylinder heads of heavy-duty trucks. Compacted graphite iron provides the best possible compromise between optimum mechanical properties, compared to flake graphite iron, and optimum thermal conductivity, compared to spheroidal graphite iron. The vermicular-shaped graphite particles, however, act as stress concentrators, and, as a result of delamination from the metal matrix, they are responsible for crack initiation during the thermomechanical fatigue cycles occurring through engine startup and shutdown cycles. Scratch tests driven over the matrix and into the graphite particles were performed in order to characterize the strength of the metal-graphite interface. Samples extracted from a cylinder head in as-cast condition were compared to samples subjected to a heat-treatment at 700 °C for 60 h. The former samples were composed of a primarily pearlitic matrix and graphite particles (~11.5 vol %), whereas, after annealing, a certain pearlite fraction decomposed into Fe and C, producing a microstructure with graphite-ferrite interfaces, exhibiting a partially spiky morphology. The scratch test revealed that the ferrite-graphite interfaces with spiky nature exhibited a stronger resistance to delamination compared to the ferrite-graphite interfaces with smooth morphology. One reason for the high interface strength is the mechanical interlocking between graphite spikes and ferrite, increasing the contact area between the two phases.@en

Compacted Graphite Iron is a suitable material for the engine cylinder heads of heavy duty trucks. In the base of the cylinder head, the Valve Bridge is subjected to Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue as a result of daily start-up and shut-down operational cycles. With the aim to investigate crack initiation, a semi in-situ experiment was conducted by employing a disassemblable dog-bone sample. The procedure consisted of iteratively interrupting a thermo-mechanical fatigue test to observe the evolution of the microstructure by Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Electron Backscatter Diffraction. Finishing the first thermo-mechanical fatigue cycle, edge delaminated graphite particles were observed to be connected by cracks. Cyclic plastic strain computation showed that edge graphite particles can interact by overlapping plastic zones that arise at the tip of the delamination cracks and thus provide a crack propagation path. Finally, the electron backscattered diffraction technique allowed to observe the competition between recovery and plastic strain during the first few thermo-mechanical fatigue cycles.@en

The cylinder head of heavy-duty fuel engines, made of compacted graphite iron, is sensitive to cracking as a result of a phenomenon called Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue (TMF) induced by subsequent start-up and shut-down cycles of the engine. Under laboratory conditions, various test setups were applied to reproduce the TMF behavior of the valve bridge areas, which are specifically prone to TMF. In these laboratory tests, various mechanical boundary conditions were applied including single and double constraints at low and high temperatures. The TMF lifetime is satisfactorily modeled based on the Paris Crack Growth Law. The reason why the law can accurately simulate the lifetime is due to the fact that this law allows for a description whereby plastically induced damage is gradually built up cycle by cycle, which eventually is reflected in the Cp parameter of the Paris equation. It was proven that the description is valid under partial constraint, full constraint, and over-constraint boundary conditions and even with varying constraint conditions at high and low temperature. Post-processing of the Paris Law model allowed defining an equivalent constraint value γ′, which is a single constraint that yields an identical lifetime as the experiment with double constraint at low and high temperature.@en