Silver oxide (AgO) thin films were prepared by using a cylindrical direct current reactive magnetron sputtering system at 10⁻⁵ torr initial pressure on BK7 glass substrate. Samples deposited for 3, 5 and 7 minutes. Surface characterization of AgO thin films in the nanometer scale can be accurately determined using the atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The average roughness (R_avg), maximum peak to valley height (R_t) and root mean square (R_rms) roughness are used to analyze the surface morphology of AgO films. The linear optical absorption data were measured in the visible-near infrared spectral regions and the nonlinear refractive index (n₂) of thin films is evaluated by the moiré deflectometery technique. The investigation indicates that, increase in AgO thickness leads to reduction in nonlinear refractive index.

In this paper, applications of holography in the solar energy, photovoltaic concentration, daylighting, illumination, and thermal blocking have been investigated. Holographic elements can be used to concentrate the radiation of the sun onto photovoltaic cells. Moreover the sun radiation is diffracted by the hologram. This has the advantage that proper photovoltaic cells can be installed in different spectral regions. Holographic daylighting systems can diffract sunlight efficiently up to the ceiling in the room. Holograms can be fabricated to reflect or block certain wavelength regions. Holograms are designed for a wavelength in the infrared region and a typical incidence angle of the summer sunlight. In this case the infrared radiation is reflected in the summer and heating of the rooms can be reduced, also, energy for cooling by air conditioners can be reduced. In winter, that the angle of incidence is smaller, a larger wavelength region is reflected, where the infrared intensity is very low.

Displayers tend to become three-dimensional. The most advantage of holographic 3D displays is the possibility to observe 3D images without using glasses. The quality of created images by this method has surprised everyone. In this paper, the experimental steps of making a transmission hologram have been mentioned. In what follows, current advances of this science-art will be discussed. The aim of this paper is to study the recent improvements in creating three-dimensional images and videos by means of holographic techniques. In the last section we discuss the potentials of holography to be applied in future.

In this work we report the preparation of colloidal silver nanoparticles. In order to prepare the silver nanoparticles laser ablation method has been used. A silver coin as a target (purity 99.9 %) was ablated by a Q-Switched Nd:YAG laser with a fluence of about 91 mJ/cm ² at a repetition rate of 10 Hz at room temperature. In order to evaluate these particles transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and spectrophotometry (from UV to NIR) have been used. The average size of prepared nanoparticles is ∼ 20 nm. The importance of morphology of nanoparticles has been investigated. Developed applications of silver nanoparticles have been studied, silver nanoparticles are considered as biocompatible and low in toxicity and have good potential for biological applications. Lately silver nanoparticles have found a novel approach in different fields of medicine, biology and industry.