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Four specimens were prepared from one continuous Carbon Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Polymer (CFRP) tape and nondestructively tested using 2D X-ray micrographs and 3D X-ray Computed Tomography (CT). They were each polished on one front side and imaged by optical microscopy using a Keyence VK-X1000 confocal scanning microscope. These two-dimensional micrographs provided high-resolution reference data of the polished tape surfaces. CT was performed on the same specimens with a Zeiss Xradia 520 Versa at voxel sizes of 0.8, 2.0, and 3.5 µm each. The field of view was adjusted to include the polished front side, and the rotation axis was kept constant in between scans of one specimen. This configuration enabled the CT datasets to be registered into a common coordinate system. The registered stacks were subsequently cropped to the tape volume to optimize memory usage. The 3D CT datasets were segmented using structure tensor analysis and Trainable Weka Segmentation to extract fiber, matrix and pore regions in the CFRP tapes’ microstructure. The 2D microscopy images were used as complementary benchmarks to evaluate the required spatial resolution. The overall aim was to determine whether reliable microstructural characterization demands full fiber-level resolution, or whether coarser CT scans provide sufficient information.
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Four specimens were prepared from one continuous Carbon Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Polymer (CFRP) tape and nondestructively tested using 2D X-ray micrographs and 3D X-ray Computed Tomography (CT). They were each polished on one front side and imaged by optical microscopy using a Keyence VK-X1000 confocal scanning microscope. These two-dimensional micrographs provided high-resolution reference data of the polished tape surfaces. CT was performed on the same specimens with a Zeiss Xradia 520 Versa at voxel sizes of 0.8, 2.0, and 3.5 µm each. The field of view was adjusted to include the polished front side, and the rotation axis was kept constant in between scans of one specimen. This configuration enabled the CT datasets to be registered into a common coordinate system. The registered stacks were subsequently cropped to the tape volume to optimize memory usage. The 3D CT datasets were segmented using structure tensor analysis and Trainable Weka Segmentation to extract fiber, matrix and pore regions in the CFRP tapes’ microstructure. The 2D microscopy images were used as complementary benchmarks to evaluate the required spatial resolution. The overall aim was to determine whether reliable microstructural characterization demands full fiber-level resolution, or whether coarser CT scans provide sufficient information.
Understanding the microstructural variability in unidirectional composite prepreg tapes is relevant to investigating mechanisms of tape microstructure formation, their impact on its processability and the mechanical performance of the final composite part. It has been shown that three-dimensional microstructural variability at the single-fibre level can be resolved by X-ray microcomputed tomography (XCT). However, to define a representative microstructural fingerprint of a given tape, investigations at the required small voxel size lead to limited volumes of observation, which might not be representative. This research aims to extend these findings via a multiscale approach, considering scales of observations, from microscopic (single fibre) up to mesoscopic (dimension of tape) length scale, to generate further insight into the microstructural organisation of thermoplastic prepreg tapes. By exploring the ability of XCT imaging for carbon fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composites at different voxel sizes, the work aims to identify the limitations of the use of different scales of observations to capture features of microstructures and their propagation from micro- to mesoscale level. While structure tensor analysis appeared to correctly capture misaligned regions in XCT images with small voxel size (1/10 of the fibre diameter), the method proved ineffective for larger voxel size images (1/2 of the fibre diameter).
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Understanding the microstructural variability in unidirectional composite prepreg tapes is relevant to investigating mechanisms of tape microstructure formation, their impact on its processability and the mechanical performance of the final composite part. It has been shown that three-dimensional microstructural variability at the single-fibre level can be resolved by X-ray microcomputed tomography (XCT). However, to define a representative microstructural fingerprint of a given tape, investigations at the required small voxel size lead to limited volumes of observation, which might not be representative. This research aims to extend these findings via a multiscale approach, considering scales of observations, from microscopic (single fibre) up to mesoscopic (dimension of tape) length scale, to generate further insight into the microstructural organisation of thermoplastic prepreg tapes. By exploring the ability of XCT imaging for carbon fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composites at different voxel sizes, the work aims to identify the limitations of the use of different scales of observations to capture features of microstructures and their propagation from micro- to mesoscale level. While structure tensor analysis appeared to correctly capture misaligned regions in XCT images with small voxel size (1/10 of the fibre diameter), the method proved ineffective for larger voxel size images (1/2 of the fibre diameter).
