Perovskite-based photovoltaics have been rapidly developed, with record power conversion efficiencies now exceeding 22%. In order to rationally design efficient and stable perovskite solar cells, it is important to understand not only charge trapping and recombination events, but also processes occurring at the perovskite/transport material (TM) interface, such as charge transfer and interfacial recombination. In this work, time-resolved microwave conductivity measurements are performed to investigate these interfacial processes for methylammonium lead iodide and various state-of-the-art organic TMs. A global kinetic model is developed, which accurately describes both the dynamics of excess charges in the perovskite layer and transfer to charge-specific TMs. The authors conclude that for state-of-the-art materials, such as Spiro-OMeTAD and PCBM, the charge extraction efficiency is not significantly affected by intra-band gap traps for trap densities under 1015 cm–3. Finally, the transfer rates to C60, PCBM, EDOT-OMeTPA, and Spiro-OMeTAD are sufficient to outcompete second order recombination under excitation densities representative for illumination by AM1.5.@en

State-of-the-art perovskite-based solar cells employ expensive, organic hole transporting materials (HTMs) such as Spiro-OMeTAD that, in turn, limits the commercialization of this promising technology. Herein an HTM (EDOT-Amide-TPA) is reported in which a functional amide-based backbone is introduced, which allows this material to be synthesized in a simple condensation reaction with an estimated cost of <$5 g−1. When employed in perovskite solar cells, EDOT-Amide-TPA demonstrates stabilized power conversion efficiencies up to 20.0% and reproducibly outperforms Spiro-OMeTAD in direct comparisons. Time resolved microwave conductivity measurements indicate that the observed improvement originates from a faster hole injection rate from the perovskite to EDOT-Amide-TPA. Additionally, the devices exhibit an improved lifetime, which is assigned to the coordination of the amide bond to the Li-additive, offering a novel strategy to hamper the migration of additives. It is shown that, despite the lack of a conjugated backbone, the amide-based HTM can outperform state-of-the-art HTMs at a fraction of the cost, thereby providing a novel set of design strategies to develop new, low-cost HTMs.@en

The current state-of-the-art hole transporting materials (HTM) for perovskite solar cells are generally synthesized via cross-coupling reactions that require expensive catalysts, inert reaction conditions and extensive product purification, resulting in high costs and therefore limiting large-scale commercialisation. Here we describe a series of HTMs prepared via simple and clean Schiff-base condensation chemistry with an estimated material cost in the range of 4-54 $ per g. The optoelectronic and thermal properties of the materials are linked to the changes in the chemical structure of the HTMs, which allow us to extract design rules for new materials, supported by density functional theory calculations. Charge transport measurements show hole mobilities in the range of 10-5 to 10-7 cm2 V-1 s-1. Upon addition of LiTFSI the HTMs can be oxidized, resulting in a large increase in the conductivity of the hole transporting layer (HTL). When employed as HTL in perovskite solar cells, power conversion efficiencies close to those of spiro-OMeTAD are obtained. In particular, devices prepared with Diazo-OMeTPA show a higher open-circuit voltage. Furthermore, we show that azomethine-based HTMs can act as effective moisture barriers, resulting in a significant increase in the stability of the underlying perovskite film. We assign the improved properties to the presence of a dipole in our molecules which promotes a close molecular packing and thus leads to a high density of the as-formed HTM films, preventing the ingress of water. This work shows that HTMs prepared via condensation chemistry are not only a low-cost alternative to spiro-OMeTAD, but also act as a functional barrier against moisture-induced degradation in perovskite solar cells.@en