As cities densify around the world, the quality of city spaces increasingly shows its importance, influencing citizens’ mental health. Loneliness has become a normal phenomenon in the city along with its development and can affect every person for different reasons and cause serious problems. This research targets Amsterdam and argues why a well-being city such as Amsterdam also suffers from loneliness, aiming to explore the relationship between loneliness and architecture and find architectural solutions to reduce loneliness in Amsterdam. The existing research has shown that belongingness can act as a way to reduce loneliness. Thus, the main research question is:
How can architecture create a belongingness environment to alleviate and heal the feeling of loneliness in Amsterdam?
This research focuses on the theory of human relationship belonging, the place belonging, and the construction of belonging, searching for architectural strategies that can alleviate loneliness. Further analysis of Amsterdam and Amsterdam southeast’s city space answers the question and raises the opportunities to improve and solve the problems. Creating a belongingness environment with architectural strategies, based on the research, in city public venues provides a way to heal this unpleasant loneliness in Amsterdam and leads to a better well- being future.

Hong Kong is full of complexities in its culture and space, showing in the movies. The clear imageability allows it presents itself through city structures, landmarks, and architectural objects in the city, playing a vital role for people to recognize and be impressed. In addition to the spatial aspect, the cultural complexities undoubtedly affect the daily life of Hong Kong people and further reflect on the living space, meaning the city. The relationship between culture and space is intimate, creating vivid and dynamic images of the city. As the city image changes rapidly today, the cinematic image provides a way to capture the dynamic and fluid cityscape. The “city complexity – cinematic image” discussion is significant in the thesis, emphasizing the relationship between the city and cinematic image and showing how the cinematic images picture Hong Kong’s complexities. To understand the images that Hong Kong presents, it introduces several movies and analyzes the images from them, from the 1990s, transitional Hong Kong to further projecting the future. The cinematic images give an observation of living in Hong Kong and frame a broad picture of Hong Kong city space and its culture, providing another way to research city space.