The Cartesian stiffness analysis of mechanisms and robotic manipulators is often performed using Jacobian-based stiffness analysis methods. In general it is necessary to consider the effect of loading, which introduces a Jacobian-derivative term. However, early examples of stiffness analyses of parallel manipulators in which the effect of loading was considered resulted in asymmetric stiffness matrices, which go against the definition of stiffness. By replicating those first analyses using an alternative formulation of the stiffness analysis, this paper finds that the earlier observed asymmetry can be explained as a modeling inconsistency. If that inconsistency is corrected, symmetric matrices are obtained, which supports the notion that the Jacobian-derivative term is an integral part of the stiffness analysis of parallel manipulators and mechanisms.@en

Parallel manipulators with two end-effectors (PM2Es) enable the design of gripping robots with high dynamic performance. The gripping action is enabled by internal, relative degrees of freedom (DoFs) between the two end-effectors. Many standard methods for the analysis and control of parallel manipulators rely on a Jacobian, where a complete Jacobian analysis includes constraint relations. These constraint relations have not been consistently included in previous analyses of PM2Es, while they are specifically relevant for PM2Es because constraints play an important role in the static force analysis of a PM2E. This is because wrenches applied by the actuators can be transferred to the end-effectors through internal constraints, an effect which is not captured by kinematic relations alone. This paper presents a systematic approach to perform the Jacobian analysis of PM2Es, which is based on screw theory, and that takes all constraint relations into account. The approach is applied to a PM2E with three legs and one internal closed-loop chain. An example mechanism was built to experimentally validate the resulting Jacobian analysis using a static force analysis.@en

A complete stiffness analysis of a parallel manipulator considers the structural compliance of all elements, both in designed degrees-of-freedom (DoFs) and constrained DoFs, and also includes the effect of preloading. This paper presents the experimental validation of a Jacobian-based stiffness analysis method for parallel manipulators with nonredundant legs, which considers all those aspects, and which can be applied to limited-DoF parallel manipulators. The experimental validation was performed by comparing differential wrench measurements with predictions based on stiffness analyses with increasing levels of detail. For this purpose, two passive parallel mechanisms were designed, namely, a planar 3DoF mechanism and a spatial 1DoF mechanism. For these mechanisms, it was shown that a stiffness analysis becomes more accurate if preloading and structural compliance are considered.@en