Cell extrusion is essential for homeostatic self-renewal of the intestinal epithelium. extrusion is thought to be triggered by crowding-induced compression of cells at the intestinal villus tip. In this study, we found instead that a local “tug-of-war” competition between contractile cells regulated extrusion in the intestinal epithelium. We combined quantitative live microscopy, optogenetic induction of tissue tension, genetic perturbation of myosin II activity, and local disruption of the basal cortex in mouse intestines and intestinal organoids. these approaches revealed that a dynamic actomyosin network generates tension throughout the intestinal villi, including the villus tip region. mechanically weak cells unable to maintain this tension underwent extrusion. thus, epithelial barrier integrity depends on intercellular mechanics.

An architect should not only design spaces and functions, but he or she can bring architecture to another level whereby the architecture itself can influence the environment and their people, such as health conditions, (safety) feelings, behaviour and productivity. Within the contemporary architecture, buildings are mostly designed for our visuals. “We have allowed two of our sensory domains— sight and sound—to dominate our design imagination. In fact, when it comes to the culture of architecture and design, we create and produce almost exclusively for one sense—the visual.” (Mau, 2018, p. 20). Our experience of space, as of anything else, is much more multisensory than most people realize. (Spence, 2020). Designing in a way that all senses will be touched gives the opportunity to influence human well-being and health-conditions, and create a community out of all the individuals. “Environmental multisensory stimulation can potentially affect us at the social, emotional, and cognitive levels.” (Spence, 2020).

A public condenser, a place for all people, no matter which culture, age, gender and interests, is a perfect place to improve people’s well-being and the health of the city. Stimulating people to improve their well-being by creating certain ‘Atmospheres’ - places that you can read, becoming involved with and that manages to move people. (Zumthor, 2006). – using multisensory design techniques. “The quality of a space or place is not merely a visual perceptual quality as is usually assumed. The judgement of environmental character is a complex multi-sensory fusion of countless factors, which are immediately and synthetically grasped as an overall atmosphere, feeling, mood or ambiance.” (Pallasmaa, 2014).
The main question within this research is: ‘How to create atmospheres based on multisensory design, that stimulate people to improve their well-being, physically and mentally?

The goal of this research is to investigate and experience how Atmospheres – that stimulates people to improve their well-being (physically and mentally) with interactive experiences - should be designed, based on touching all human senses in a sustainable, hybrid and resilient way.

This design of a public condenser could be a prototype. The concepts of how to create atmospheres that stimulate people improving their well-being using multisensory design can contribute to the larger architectural disciple. The techniques and arguments of this project can be used in other designs as well.

During renewal of the intestine, cells are continuously generated by proliferation. Proliferation and differentiation must be tightly balanced, as any bias toward proliferation results in uncontrolled exponential growth. Yet, the inherently stochastic nature of cells raises the ques-tion how such fluctuations are limited. We used time-lapse microscopy to track all cells in crypts of growing mouse intestinal organoids for multiple generations, allowing full reconstruction of the underlying lineage dynamics in space and time. Proliferative behavior was highly symmetric between sister cells, with both sisters either jointly ceasing or continuing proliferation. Simulations revealed that such symmetric proliferative behavior minimizes cell number fluctuations, explaining our obser-vation that proliferating cell number remained constant even as crypts increased in size considerably. Proliferative symmetry did not reflect positional symmetry but rather lineage control through the mother cell. Our results indicate a concrete mechanism to balance proliferation and differentiation with minimal fluctuations that may be broadly relevant for other tissues.

Time-lapse microscopy is routinely used to follow cells within organoids, allowing direct study of division and differentiation patterns. There is an increasing interest in cell tracking in organoids, which makes it possible to study their growth and homeostasis at the singlecell level. As tracking these cells by hand is prohibitively time consuming, automation using a computer program is required. Unfortunately, organoids have a high cell density and fast cell movement, which makes automated cell tracking difficult. In this work, a semi-automated cell tracker has been developed. To detect the nuclei, we use a machine learning approach based on a convolutional neural network. To form cell trajectories, we link detections at different time points together using a min-cost flow solver. The tracker raises warnings for situations with likely errors. Rapid changes in nucleus volume and position are reported for manual review, as well as cases where nuclei divide, appear and disappear. When the warning system is adjusted such that virtually error-free lineage trees can be obtained, still less than 2% of all detected nuclei positions are marked for manual analysis. This provides an enormous speed boost over manual cell tracking, while still providing tracking data of the same quality as manual tracking.