The state of the land surface and the water cycle over the South and East Asia can be determined by space observation. New or significantly improved algorithms have been developed and evaluated against ground measurements. Variables retrieved include land surface properties, i.e. NDVI, LAI, FPAR, albedo, soil moisture, glacier and lake levels. Based on these biophysical parameters derived from microwave and optical remote sensing observations, a hybrid remotely sensed evapotranspiration (ET) estimation model named ETMonitor was developed and applied to estimate the daily actual ET of the Southeast Asia at a spatial resolution of 1 km. The changes in glaciers and lakes on the Tibetan Plateau, and the drainage links between glaciers and lakes are determined in this climate-sensitive region.@en

This work presented in [1] was partly supported by the ESA Dragon 2 programme under proposal no. 5322: "Key Eco-Hydrological Parameters Retrieval and Land Data Assimilation System Development in a Typical Inland River Basin of China's Arid Region", a project which was coordinated at Delft University of Technology (TU Delft) with Massimo Menenti as the Lead Investigator. Hence, the authors would like to inform that Robin Faivre, the first author of [1], is also affiliated to the Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing (GRS) of Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), since he has been a young scientist of the ESA Dragon 2 programme. The authors apologize for any inconvenience this change may cause. The changes do not affect the scientific results. The manuscript will be updated and the original will remain online on the article webpage, with a reference to this addendum.@en

The parameterization of heat transfer based on remote sensing data, and the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) scheme to retrieve turbulent heat fluxes, already proved to be very appropriate for estimating evapotranspiration (ET) over homogeneous land surfaces. However, the use of such a method over heterogeneous landscapes (e.g., semi-arid regions or agricultural land) becomes more difficult, since the principle of similarity theory is compromised by the presence of different heat sources at various heights. This study aims to propose and evaluate some models based on vegetation geometry partly developed by Colin and Faivre, to retrieve the surface aerodynamic roughness length for momentum transfer (z0m), which is a key parameter in the characterization of heat transfer. A new approach proposed by the authors consisted in the use of a Digital Surface Model (DSM) as boundary condition for experiments with a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model to reproduce 3D wind fields, and to invert them to retrieve a spatialized roughness parameter. Colin and Faivre also applied the geometrical Raupach's approach for the same purpose. These two methods were evaluated against two empirical ones, widely used in Surface Energy Balance Index (SEBI) based algorithms (Moran; Brutsaert), and also against an alternate geometrical model proposed by Menenti and Ritchie. The investigation was carried out in the Yingke oasis (China) using very-high resolution remote sensing data (VNIR, TIR & LIDAR), for a precise description of the land surface, and a fine evaluation of estimated heat fluxes based on in-situ measurements. A set of five numerical experiments was carried out to evaluate each roughness model. It appears that methods used in experiments 2 (based on Brutsaert) and 4 (based on Colin and Faivre) are the most accurate to estimate the aerodynamic roughness length, according to the estimated heat fluxes. However, the formulation used in experiment 2 allows to minimize errors in both latent and sensible heat flux, and to preserve a good partitioning. An additional evaluation of these two methods based on another kB-1 parameterization could be necessary, given that the latter is not always compatible with the CFD-based retrieval method.@en