In this research, in situ high-temperature electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) mapping is applied to record and analyze the migration of the α/3 interfaces during cyclic austenite-ferrite phase transformations in a medium manganese steel. The experimental study is supplemented with related 3D phase field (PF) simulations to better understand the 2D EBSD observations in the context of the 3D transformation events taking place below the surface. The in situ EBSD observations and PF simulations show an overall transformation behavior qualitatively similar to that measured in dilatometry. The behavior and kinetics of individual austenite-ferrite interfaces during the transformation is found to have a wide scatter around the average interface behavior deduced on the basis of the dilatometric measurements. The trajectories of selected characteristic interfaces are analyzed in detail and yield insight into the effect of local conditions in the vicinity of interfaces on their motion, as well as the misguiding effects of 2D observations of processes taking place in 3D.@en

Although vortex pinning in laser-ablated YBa2Cu3O7-δ films on (100) SrTiO3 is dominated by threading dislocations (Dam B et al (1999) Nature 399 439), many other natural pinning sites are present. To identify the contribution from twin planes, surface corrugations and point defects, we manipulate the relative densities of all defects by post-annealing films with various as-grown dislocation densities, ndisl. While a universal magnetic field B dependence of the transport current density js (B, T) is observed (independently of ndisl, temperature T and the annealing treatment), the defect structure changes considerably. Correlating the microstructure to js (B, T), it becomes clear that surface roughness, twins and point defects are not important at low magnetic fields compared to linear defect pinning. Transmission electron microscopy indicates that threading dislocations are not part of grain boundaries nor are they related to the twin domain structure. We conclude that js (B, T) is essentially determined by pinning along threading dislocations, naturally induced during the growth process. Even in high magnetic fields, where the vortex density outnumbers ndisl, it appears that linear defects stabilize the vortex lattice by means of the vortex-vortex interaction.@en

Although vortex pinning in laser-ablated YBa2Cu3O7-δ films on (100) SrTiO3 is dominated by threading dislocations (Dam B et al (1999) Nature 399 439), many other natural pinning sites are present. To identify the contribution from twin planes, surface corrugations and point defects, we manipulate the relative densities of all defects by post-annealing films with various as-grown dislocation densities, ndisl. While a universal magnetic field B dependence of the transport current density js (B, T) is observed (independently of ndisl, temperature T and the annealing treatment), the defect structure changes considerably. Correlating the microstructure to js (B, T), it becomes clear that surface roughness, twins and point defects are not important at low magnetic fields compared to linear defect pinning. Transmission electron microscopy indicates that threading dislocations are not part of grain boundaries nor are they related to the twin domain structure. We conclude that js (B, T) is essentially determined by pinning along threading dislocations, naturally induced during the growth process. Even in high magnetic fields, where the vortex density outnumbers ndisl, it appears that linear defects stabilize the vortex lattice by means of the vortex-vortex interaction.@en

The detailed mechanisms of the structural phase transformations that occur in epitaxial Y-hydride switchable mirrors are revealed with high resolution transmission electron microscopy (both cross sectional and plan view). The triangular ridge network that develops in Y prior to the α-β transformation is a result of 101̄2 deformation twinning. The basal plane that is originally parallel to the film/substrate interface is rotated by twinning over 5.6° and transformed into a prismatic plane and similarly the prismatic plane is transformed into a basal plane giving a final crystal reorientation for the ridge of 95.6°. After transformation to β, nearly vertical Σ3111 twin boundaries arise in the ridges. In contrast, horizontal twin boundaries develop in the β domains to prevent macroscopic shape changes. Inbetween the two twin variants within the domains, Shockley partial dislocations are persistently present, which enable efficient reversible β-γ switching of the mirror.@en