Facing an increased pressure for sustainable manufacturing, the resource demanding but essential process of cleaning-in-place (CIP) requires further optimization. This study aims to understand the mechanisms involved in CIP by designing a process that emulates industrial pasteurization. Whey protein fouling was generated on a stainless-steel metal surface and cleaned the use of an alkaline solution. Cleaning was monitored with optical and UV–Vis spectroscopy measurements recording the fouling thickness and dissolved protein mass in the effluent respectively. Experimental results reveal the mechanisms at play during cleaning, showing a two-stage behavior. The first stage is dominated by the diffusion of NaOH and reaction within the fouling. During the second stage, a drag force peels the fouling from its front edge, assisting removal. The cleaning rate increased with the increase of liquid velocity and temperature. The cleaning rate also depended on the axial location. The cleaning time between two positions 10 cm apart differed by 1.2 min, with a total cleaning time of 5.8 min (at a Reynolds number of 5500 and 70 °C). By developing a model based on observed mechanisms, the study explores using effluent concentration to indicate residual fouling mass and estimate the required cleaning time.

New mobility concepts such as Mobility as a Service (MaaS) are emerging as potential solutions to move people more sustainably in an increasingly urbanized world. Planning for this multi-modal mobility requires a whole system approach (STEEP - social, technical, economic, environmental, and political) to evaluate alternative future scenarios and address varied stakeholder concerns. A strategic planning tool was selected that can model alternative scenarios for how urban mobility systems may evolve over time. A sustainable mobility scorecard was defined, comprised of individual metrics generated from the tool's output. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was selected and applied to generate stakeholder weightings from an online survey of U.S. transportation planning professionals. Those weightings were applied to the scorecard to demonstrate their influence on alternative planning outcomes. Results include the scorecard metrics assessed with the greatest relative importance to sustainability; increases in no car ownership, increases in the transit/walk/bike mode share especially in lower income populations, maintaining the average peak traffic speed (actual/posted), and reducing cars per capita. The resulting weighted scorecard, part of a strategic assessment methodology for mobility sustainability (SAMMS), is then used to evaluate four future planning scenarios with contrasting trends (socio-demographics, travel behavior, employment, land use, transport supply) for the greatest overall sustainable mobility outcome.

Emerging concepts, such as Mobility as a Service (MaaS), could evolve to provide sustainable mobility, especially in densely populated urban areas. However, recent studies highlight the challenge of evaluating how the complex interactions of user demographics, mode choice, vehicle automation, governance, and efficiency will impact the sustainability of future mobility. Given this challenge, this research identifies a whole system (STEEP - social, technical, economic, environmental, and political) framework as essential to assess the overall sustainability of emergent urban mobility systems such as rideshare. The need is a single tool that can rapidly explore the long-range sustainability impact of such alternative future mobility scenarios for a given city region. This paper documents enhancements made to Impacts 2050, a strategic-level model of urban mobility, to address this need, including updates to the statistical travel behavior model and the addition of rideshare including trip occupancy. Results obtained with the enhanced Impacts 2050 showed that, while rideshare use increased significantly for some scenarios, its overall mode share remained limited. In addition, though rideshare enabled users to shed car ownership, the overall percentage increase of “no car ownership” was low. An urban mobility sustainability scorecard based on STEEP and generated by output from the enhanced Impacts 2050 is presented.