This paper investigates the interaction between retail lighting and textiles to provide retailers and lighting designers with a set of physical textile objects that can be used to test the visual effect of a lighting setting. Since the relationships between optical aspects of lighting–textiles interactions and subjective qualities associated with them have not been systematically investigated, we conducted two experiments to study those relationships. The first experiment concerned photometric measurements of textiles in order to categorize the reflectance types. The second experiment examined human observers’ judgments of a range of material-expressing qualities, such as shininess and softness, in two canonical types of lighting. The textiles for which the differences in those qualities were maximal were used in designing a lighting probe set.@en

Human observers have been demonstrated to be sensitive to the local (physical) light field, or more precisely, to the primary direction, intensity, and diffuseness of the light at a point in a space. In the present study we focused on the question of whether it is possible to reconstruct the global visual light field, based on observers’ inferences of the local light properties. Observers adjusted the illumination on a probe in order to visually fit it in three diversely lit scenes. For each scene they made 36 settings on a regular grid. The global structure of the first order properties of the light field could then indeed be reconstructed by interpolation of light vectors coefficients representing the local settings. We demonstrate that the resulting visual light fields (individual and averaged) can be visualized and we show how they can be compared to physical measurements in the same scenes. Our findings suggest that human observers have a robust impression of the light field that is simplified with respect to the physical light field. In particular, the subtle spatial variations of the physical light fields are largely neglected and the visual light fields were more similar to simple diverging fields than to the actual physical light fields.@en

Human observers are sensitive to light properties such as the intensity, direction and diffuseness. We study how well they are able to estimate the light field (the structure of the net flux transport) in rooms, by empirical measurement and comparison of the physical and visual light fields. We made regularized measurements of the physical light field in a room under three light conditions with a custom-made cubic illuminance meter based on six Konica Minolta T-10MA sensors. Next, we photographed the room and conducted a psychophysical experiment, in which the observer’s task was to change the lighting (direction, intensity and ambient components) of a “probe” in order to make it appear like it belonged to the pictured scene. The probe, a white Lambertian sphere on a black monopod (defining the location of the probe in the scene), was superimposed on predetermined locations in the image. As a separate measure of the visual light field, the participants indicated the perceived (“subjective”) light source position on the extended scene pictures and described it in words. For each light condition we made reconstructions of light fields consisting of light vectors in a grid: physical from measurements, visual from observers’ settings on a probe, and simplified models of light fields with all vectors pointing to the subjective light source positions. Participants’ interpretations varied remarkably in position and number of the subjective light sources. Many of them were far from veridical. We made pairwise comparisons between light field reconstructions. For the most prominent case, with a visible light source, the average angular difference between visual and physical light vectors was 57 degrees, whereas between visual and simplified model for subjective light sources it was 29 degrees. The results suggest that, overall, the visual light field’s structure is simplified with respect to the physical one.@en