Mountain roads are the lifelines of remote areas but are often situated in complicated settings and prone to landslides, rock fall, avalanches and damages due to surface water runoff. The impact and likelihood of these types of hazards can be partly assessed by a detailed geometric analysis of the road environment. Field measurements in remote areas are expensive however. A possible solution is the use of a Laser Mobile Mapping System (LMMS) which, at high measuring rate, captures dense and accurate point clouds. This paper presents an automatic approach for the delineation of both the direct environment of a road and the road itself into local catchments starting from a LMMS point cloud. The results enable a user to assess where on the road most water from the surroundings will assemble, and how water will flow over the road after e.g. heavy snow melt or rainfall. To arrive at these results the following steps are performed. First outliers are removed and point cloud data is gridded at a uniform width. Local surface normal and gradient of each grid point are determined. The relative smoothness of the road is used as a criterion to identify the road's outlines. The local gradients are input for running the so-called D8 method, which simply exploits that surface water follows the direction of steepest descent. This method first enables the identification of sinks on the roadside, i.e. the locations where water flow accumulates and potentially enters the road. Moreover, the method divides the road's direct neighbourhood into catchments, each consisting of all grid cells having runoff to the same sink. In addition the method is used to analyse the surface flow over the road's surface. The new method is demonstrated on a piece of 153 meters long Galician mountain road as sampled by LMMS data.@en

Rubble mound breakwaters are coastal defense structures that protect harbors and beaches from the impacts of both littoral drift and storm waves. They occasionally break, leading to catastrophic damage to surrounding human populations and resulting in huge economic and environmental losses. Ensuring their stability is considered to be of vital importance and the major reason for setting up breakwater monitoring systems. Terrestrial laser scanning has been recognized as a monitoring technique of existing infrastructures. Its capability for measuring large amounts of accurate points in a short period of time is also well proven. In this paper we first introduce a method for the automatic extraction of face geometry of concrete cubic blocks, as typically used in breakwaters. Point clouds are segmented based on their orientation and location. Then we compare corresponding cuboids of three co-registered point clouds to estimate their transformation parameters over time. The first method is demonstrated on scan data from the Baiona breakwater (Spain) while the change detection is demonstrated on repeated scan data of concrete bricks, where the changing scenario was simulated. The application of the presented methodology has verified its effectiveness for outlining the 3D breakwater units and analyzing their changes at the millimeter level. Breakwater management activities could benefit from this initial version of the method in order to improve their productivity.@en

Intercomparison among six terrestrial laser scanner systems focused on the measurement of small elements (< 0.5 m) is performed. Phase shift (PS) and time of flight (ToF) scanners are considered. Two standard artefacts containing threedimensional printing spheres and steps of variable height are used for the experiment. Results show errors between -4.5 and 3.5 mm in the measurement of distances between step planes. The most stable systems for measuring small elements seem the Leica C10, Faro Photon and Riegl LMS Z390i. The quality of the results is linked to the overall quality of the system rather than the specific technology used for range measurement (PS or ToF) which does not appear to be a determining factor.@en

Intercomparison among six terrestrial laser scanner systems focused on the measurement of small elements (< 0.5 m) is performed. Phase shift (PS) and time of flight (ToF) scanners are considered. Two standard artefacts containing threedimensional printing spheres and steps of variable height are used for the experiment. Results show errors between -4.5 and 3.5 mm in the measurement of distances between step planes. The most stable systems for measuring small elements seem the Leica C10, Faro Photon and Riegl LMS Z390i. The quality of the results is linked to the overall quality of the system rather than the specific technology used for range measurement (PS or ToF) which does not appear to be a determining factor.@en