This research provides insight into ways to increase accessibility for Planned Special Events (PSEs) via discrete choice modelling. A special focus within this study is put into the AFAS AZ Stadium in Alkmaar. During the events held at the AFAS AZ Stadium disturbances are experienced by its visitors with regard to crowding levels and access/egress times. Quantifying the traffic volume on the infrastructure around the venue is done via revealed preference methods. Cyclists are counted via pneumatic tubes. Whereas pedestrians are measured via radio-wave sensors. To find ways to mitigate these problems, interviews are held with organisers of similar PSEs within The Netherlands. To find the effectiveness of the obtained accessibility measures a stated preference study is held. From this study it is obtained that the transportation mode habit that one has is a key factor within the mode choice. Besides the effect on accessibility additional decision factors are discussed to find the best measure which can be applied best at the AFAS AZ Stadium. Based on the decision factors and the performance of the accessibility measures a total of six effective measures are determined.

Glacial isostatic adjustment is the viscoelastic response of the earth to ice sheet loading. Ice dynamic models employ glacial isostatic adjustment to accurately simulate bedrock uplift. In previous studies, ice dynamic models use only a constant relaxation time to predict bedrock uplift. In this study, the aim is to improve an ice dynamic model by using a laterally varying bedrock relaxation time. Shear wave velocity data suggest a sharp increase in relaxation time between West and East Antarctica. Viscosity fields based on shear wave velocity data were converted to a set of relaxation time fields that are compatible with the ice dynamic model. These relaxation time fields were used in an ice dynamic simulation for the Antarctic Ice Sheet. It was found that largest differences between the different relaxation time models occur from 20 000 years ago up to PD. The model with a high relaxation time average showed a decrease in ice volume of 22.0%, whereas the model with a low relaxation time average, decreased by 17.4%. It was found that the largest differences between the models occurred at the WAIS due to the strong interaction of sea level and bedrock uplift. Furthermore, it was found that a reduction of ice sheet wavelength led to relaxation time decrease, locally up to 50%. This appeared to be a stabilising mechanism for decreasing ice sheets, but the effective retained ice volume by this mechanism remains unknown.