RA
R. Ahmed
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Soft tissue engineering is a field focused on the regeneration and replacement of damaged tissues through the development of engineered constructs. These constructs should mimic the structure and mechanical behavior of the native tissue.
The uterus is a soft tissue with a complex layered structure. Due to this complexity and the limited clinical solutions available for uterine healing, tissue engineering has emerged as a promising alternative for the treatment of uterine disorders. However, only a limited number of studies have systematically investigated how scaffold pore architecture influences the mechanical and viscoelastic behavior required to mimic native uterine tissue. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pore size on the mechanical behavior of scaffolds in order to fabricate a scaffold capable of mimicking native uterine tissue.
In this work, four 3D-printed alginate–gelatin scaffold geometries were designed and characterized: a homogeneous Bulk control and three macroporous architectures (Small Pores, Gradient Pores, and Large Pores). The four geometries were tested under quasi-static compression up to 50 % strain to evaluate scaffold stiffness and load-bearing capacity, ramp-and-hold stress relaxation at 15 % strain for 600 s to characterize viscoelastic behavior and time-dependent stress dissipation, and ten cycles of cyclic compression to investigate energy dissipation, recovery behavior, and structural stability under repeated loading. For the compression tests, all four geometries showed a similar Young’s modulus of 14–18 kPa. However, architecture had a much stronger and statistically significant effect on the time-dependent response. The Bulk scaffold retained 47 % of its initial peak stress after 600 s of relaxation, whereas the porous groups retained only 17–22 % (p < 0.001). The slow viscoelastic time constant τ2 was 470 s for the Bulk scaffold compared with 165–196 s for the porous groups (p = 0.031). During cyclic loading, the porous scaffolds dissipated up to three times more energy per cycle than the Bulk control, while the scaffold with Large-Pores accumulated the largest residual strain (p = 0.002).
The results of this study show that the bulk scaffold most closely matches the viscoelastic signature of native uterine tissue. However, because the bulk scaffold lacks pores and therefore cannot adequately support uterine tissue regeneration, it is not suitable for regenerative applications. In contrast, the gradient scaffold emerges as the most promising alternative, as tissue regeneration requires porosity to enhance cell infiltration and nutrient transport. The gradient design provides the most balanced mechanical performance and represents the most suitable candidate for further optimization. ...
The uterus is a soft tissue with a complex layered structure. Due to this complexity and the limited clinical solutions available for uterine healing, tissue engineering has emerged as a promising alternative for the treatment of uterine disorders. However, only a limited number of studies have systematically investigated how scaffold pore architecture influences the mechanical and viscoelastic behavior required to mimic native uterine tissue. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pore size on the mechanical behavior of scaffolds in order to fabricate a scaffold capable of mimicking native uterine tissue.
In this work, four 3D-printed alginate–gelatin scaffold geometries were designed and characterized: a homogeneous Bulk control and three macroporous architectures (Small Pores, Gradient Pores, and Large Pores). The four geometries were tested under quasi-static compression up to 50 % strain to evaluate scaffold stiffness and load-bearing capacity, ramp-and-hold stress relaxation at 15 % strain for 600 s to characterize viscoelastic behavior and time-dependent stress dissipation, and ten cycles of cyclic compression to investigate energy dissipation, recovery behavior, and structural stability under repeated loading. For the compression tests, all four geometries showed a similar Young’s modulus of 14–18 kPa. However, architecture had a much stronger and statistically significant effect on the time-dependent response. The Bulk scaffold retained 47 % of its initial peak stress after 600 s of relaxation, whereas the porous groups retained only 17–22 % (p < 0.001). The slow viscoelastic time constant τ2 was 470 s for the Bulk scaffold compared with 165–196 s for the porous groups (p = 0.031). During cyclic loading, the porous scaffolds dissipated up to three times more energy per cycle than the Bulk control, while the scaffold with Large-Pores accumulated the largest residual strain (p = 0.002).
The results of this study show that the bulk scaffold most closely matches the viscoelastic signature of native uterine tissue. However, because the bulk scaffold lacks pores and therefore cannot adequately support uterine tissue regeneration, it is not suitable for regenerative applications. In contrast, the gradient scaffold emerges as the most promising alternative, as tissue regeneration requires porosity to enhance cell infiltration and nutrient transport. The gradient design provides the most balanced mechanical performance and represents the most suitable candidate for further optimization. ...
Soft tissue engineering is a field focused on the regeneration and replacement of damaged tissues through the development of engineered constructs. These constructs should mimic the structure and mechanical behavior of the native tissue.
The uterus is a soft tissue with a complex layered structure. Due to this complexity and the limited clinical solutions available for uterine healing, tissue engineering has emerged as a promising alternative for the treatment of uterine disorders. However, only a limited number of studies have systematically investigated how scaffold pore architecture influences the mechanical and viscoelastic behavior required to mimic native uterine tissue. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pore size on the mechanical behavior of scaffolds in order to fabricate a scaffold capable of mimicking native uterine tissue.
In this work, four 3D-printed alginate–gelatin scaffold geometries were designed and characterized: a homogeneous Bulk control and three macroporous architectures (Small Pores, Gradient Pores, and Large Pores). The four geometries were tested under quasi-static compression up to 50 % strain to evaluate scaffold stiffness and load-bearing capacity, ramp-and-hold stress relaxation at 15 % strain for 600 s to characterize viscoelastic behavior and time-dependent stress dissipation, and ten cycles of cyclic compression to investigate energy dissipation, recovery behavior, and structural stability under repeated loading. For the compression tests, all four geometries showed a similar Young’s modulus of 14–18 kPa. However, architecture had a much stronger and statistically significant effect on the time-dependent response. The Bulk scaffold retained 47 % of its initial peak stress after 600 s of relaxation, whereas the porous groups retained only 17–22 % (p < 0.001). The slow viscoelastic time constant τ2 was 470 s for the Bulk scaffold compared with 165–196 s for the porous groups (p = 0.031). During cyclic loading, the porous scaffolds dissipated up to three times more energy per cycle than the Bulk control, while the scaffold with Large-Pores accumulated the largest residual strain (p = 0.002).
The results of this study show that the bulk scaffold most closely matches the viscoelastic signature of native uterine tissue. However, because the bulk scaffold lacks pores and therefore cannot adequately support uterine tissue regeneration, it is not suitable for regenerative applications. In contrast, the gradient scaffold emerges as the most promising alternative, as tissue regeneration requires porosity to enhance cell infiltration and nutrient transport. The gradient design provides the most balanced mechanical performance and represents the most suitable candidate for further optimization.
The uterus is a soft tissue with a complex layered structure. Due to this complexity and the limited clinical solutions available for uterine healing, tissue engineering has emerged as a promising alternative for the treatment of uterine disorders. However, only a limited number of studies have systematically investigated how scaffold pore architecture influences the mechanical and viscoelastic behavior required to mimic native uterine tissue. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pore size on the mechanical behavior of scaffolds in order to fabricate a scaffold capable of mimicking native uterine tissue.
In this work, four 3D-printed alginate–gelatin scaffold geometries were designed and characterized: a homogeneous Bulk control and three macroporous architectures (Small Pores, Gradient Pores, and Large Pores). The four geometries were tested under quasi-static compression up to 50 % strain to evaluate scaffold stiffness and load-bearing capacity, ramp-and-hold stress relaxation at 15 % strain for 600 s to characterize viscoelastic behavior and time-dependent stress dissipation, and ten cycles of cyclic compression to investigate energy dissipation, recovery behavior, and structural stability under repeated loading. For the compression tests, all four geometries showed a similar Young’s modulus of 14–18 kPa. However, architecture had a much stronger and statistically significant effect on the time-dependent response. The Bulk scaffold retained 47 % of its initial peak stress after 600 s of relaxation, whereas the porous groups retained only 17–22 % (p < 0.001). The slow viscoelastic time constant τ2 was 470 s for the Bulk scaffold compared with 165–196 s for the porous groups (p = 0.031). During cyclic loading, the porous scaffolds dissipated up to three times more energy per cycle than the Bulk control, while the scaffold with Large-Pores accumulated the largest residual strain (p = 0.002).
The results of this study show that the bulk scaffold most closely matches the viscoelastic signature of native uterine tissue. However, because the bulk scaffold lacks pores and therefore cannot adequately support uterine tissue regeneration, it is not suitable for regenerative applications. In contrast, the gradient scaffold emerges as the most promising alternative, as tissue regeneration requires porosity to enhance cell infiltration and nutrient transport. The gradient design provides the most balanced mechanical performance and represents the most suitable candidate for further optimization.