Introduction: We systematically describe the morphology and accessibility of interspinous spaces across age groups of patients. Our primary goal was to objectively estimate if the maneuver space for a virtual spinal needle changes with age. Our secondary goal was to estimate if the optimal site and angle for midline neuraxial puncture change with age. Methods: Measurements were performed in mid-sagittal CT images. The CT images were retrospectively collected from the database of the Department of Radiology of our hospital. Three age groups were studied: 21-30 years (n=36, abbreviated Y(oung)), 51-60 years (n=43, abbreviated M(iddle-aged)) and older than 80 years (n=46, abbreviated Old). A needle trajectory is defined by the chosen puncture point and by the angle at which the needle is directed to its target. We define a Spinal Accessibility Index (SAI) by numerically integrating for an interspace all possible combinations of puncture points and angles that lead to a successful virtual puncture. Successful in this context means that the needle tip reaches the spinal or epidural space without bone contact. Reproducible calculation of the SAI was performed with the help of custom-made software. The larger the value of the SAI, the more possible successful needle trajectories exist that the practitioner may choose from. The optimal puncture point and optimal angle in an age group at a certain level of the spine are defined by the combination of these two, which generates the highest success rate of the entire sample of this age group. Results: At all levels of the spine, the median SAI differed significantly between age groups (independent-samples Kruskal-Wallis test, p<0.001-0.047). The SAI consistently decreased with increasing age. Post-hoc analyses using pairwise comparisons showed a significantly higher SAI in group Y versus Old at all levels (p<0.001 - 0.006) except at level thoracic (Th)1-Th2 (p=0.138). The SAI was significantly higher in group M versus Old at all levels (p<0.001-0.028) except at level Th1-Th2 (p=0.061), Th4-Th5 (p=0.083), Th9-Th10 (p=1.00) and Th10-Th11 (p=1.00). Conclusions: Needle maneuver space in midline neuraxial puncture significantly decreases with progressive age at all levels of the spine. Optimal puncture points and angles are similar between age groups.@en

Performance of neuraxial blockade using a midline approach can be technically difficult. It is therefore important to optimize factors that are under the influence of the clinician performing the procedure. One of these factors might be the chosen point of insertion of the needle. Surprisingly few data exist on where between the tips of two adjacent spinous processes the needle should be introduced. A geometrical model was adopted to gain more insight into this issue. Spinous processes were represented by parallelograms. The length, the steepness relative to the skin, and the distance between the parallelograms were varied. The influence of the chosen point of insertion of the needle on the range of angles at which the epidural and subarachnoid space could be reached was studied. The optimal point of insertion was defined as the point where this range is the widest. The geometrical model clearly demonstrated, that the range of angles at which the epidural or subarachnoid space can be reached, is dependent on the point of insertion between the tips of the adjacent spinous processes. The steeper the spinous processes run, the more cranial the point of insertion should be. Assuming that the model is representative for patients, the performance of neuraxial blockade using a midline approach might be improved by choosing the optimal point of insertion.@en

Performance of neuraxial blockade using a midline approach can be technically difficult. It is therefore important to optimize factors that are under the influence of the clinician performing the procedure. One of these factors might be the chosen point of insertion of the needle. Surprisingly few data exist on where between the tips of two adjacent spinous processes the needle should be introduced. A geometrical model was adopted to gain more insight into this issue. Spinous processes were represented by parallelograms. The length, the steepness relative to the skin, and the distance between the parallelograms were varied. The influence of the chosen point of insertion of the needle on the range of angles at which the epidural and subarachnoid space could be reached was studied. The optimal point of insertion was defined as the point where this range is the widest. The geometrical model clearly demonstrated, that the range of angles at which the epidural or subarachnoid space can be reached, is dependent on the point of insertion between the tips of the adjacent spinous processes. The steeper the spinous processes run, the more cranial the point of insertion should be. Assuming that the model is representative for patients, the performance of neuraxial blockade using a midline approach might be improved by choosing the optimal point of insertion.@en

Background and Objectives Neuraxial blockade using a midline approach can be challenging. Part of this challenge lies in finding the optimal approach of the needle to its target. The present study aimed at finding (1) the optimal point of insertion of the needle between the tips of 2 adjacent spinous processes and (2) the optimal angle relative to the skin at which the needle should approach the epidural or subarachnoid space. Methods A computer algorithm systematically analyzed computed tomography scans of vertebral columns of a cohort of 52 patients. On midsagittal sections, the possible points of insertion of a virtual needle and the corresponding angles through which the epidural or subarachnoid space can be reached were calculated. Results The point chosen to introduce the needle between 2 adjacent spinous processes determines the range of angles through which the epidural or subarachnoid space can be reached. At the thoracic interspaces 1-2 through 3-4, thoracic interspaces 5-6 through 9-10, and at the lumbar vertebral interspaces 2-3 through 4-5, the optimal point of insertion is slightly inferior to the point halfway between the tips of the spinous processes. For thoracic interspace 4-5, the optimal point of insertion is slightly superior to the point halfway between the tips of the spinous processes. For the other interspaces, the optimal point of insertion is approximately halfway between the tips of the spinous processes. The optimal angle to direct the needle varies from 9 degrees at the thoracolumbar junction and at the lumbar interspaces 3-4 and 4-5, to 53 degrees at the thoracic interspace 7-8. Conclusions Our study has resulted in practical suggestions-based on accurate, reproducible measurements in patients-As to where to insert the needle and how to angulate the needle when performing neuraxial anesthesia using a midline approach.@en