LK
L.V.O. Klingmüller
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Lenticular Layers
Angle-Dependent Transparency and Lenticular Effects using Rotational Material Extrusion of Custom Multi-Material Filament
This thesis presents a method for encoding viewing-angle-dependent images directly into the material of a 3D print. Custom-designed multi-material filament, combining transparent and opaque sections, is extruded through a rotating nozzle; controlling the rotation angle during extrusion determines where each section is placed along a printed line, so the image is written into the extrudate itself rather than added through separate lenses or a second process. Two optical effects are achieved this way: variable light transmission, where images emerge under backlighting, and a lenticular effect, where the naturally lens-shaped extrusion reveals different colours at different viewing angles. A purpose-built slicing application supports the full workflow, from filament design and optical preview to calibration and G-code generation. Single- and dual-image samples were evaluated qualitatively in flat and three-dimensional geometries. The intended colour placement carried through to the finished print and both effects were reproduced on flat walls, while three-dimensional geometries worked to a more limited degree. Print quality remains below high-fidelity output, limited by the dependence of resolution on line height and width and by an off-centre nozzle, filament twisting in the Bowden tube and insufficient cooling; the effect is also highly sensitive to lighting. The results establish material-encoded angle-dependent imaging as achievable on a modified single-nozzle extrusion setup, and identify the mechanical and workflow refinements needed to sharpen it.
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This thesis presents a method for encoding viewing-angle-dependent images directly into the material of a 3D print. Custom-designed multi-material filament, combining transparent and opaque sections, is extruded through a rotating nozzle; controlling the rotation angle during extrusion determines where each section is placed along a printed line, so the image is written into the extrudate itself rather than added through separate lenses or a second process. Two optical effects are achieved this way: variable light transmission, where images emerge under backlighting, and a lenticular effect, where the naturally lens-shaped extrusion reveals different colours at different viewing angles. A purpose-built slicing application supports the full workflow, from filament design and optical preview to calibration and G-code generation. Single- and dual-image samples were evaluated qualitatively in flat and three-dimensional geometries. The intended colour placement carried through to the finished print and both effects were reproduced on flat walls, while three-dimensional geometries worked to a more limited degree. Print quality remains below high-fidelity output, limited by the dependence of resolution on line height and width and by an off-centre nozzle, filament twisting in the Bowden tube and insufficient cooling; the effect is also highly sensitive to lighting. The results establish material-encoded angle-dependent imaging as achievable on a modified single-nozzle extrusion setup, and identify the mechanical and workflow refinements needed to sharpen it.