In this paper, we study the effect of a low parking requirement in combination with dedicated carsharing at a residential building on car ownership and use of carsharing. This paper aims to develop a conceptual model to describe these effects. Comparable to customary theories in transport geography, this conceptual model includes socio-demographic factors, attitudes, residential relocation and the built environment. Besides, the interests, goals and experiences of stakeholders that include these combinations are analysed. The analysis is based on a series of 12 semi-structured interviews with carsharing providers, municipalities and developers in the Netherlands. Using two examples of residential buildings that include a low parking requirement and carsharing, this article examines to what extent parking requirement and offering carsharing leads to a reduction of car ownership and use of carsharing compared to control cases. Based on online surveys (n=18/68) carried out, descriptive analyses and binary analysis were performed.
The findings show that the stakeholders have the same goals. However, they have different experiences regarding car use and car ownership. The effects on car ownership and use of carsharing may also be influenced by other factors that are described in the conceptual model. Lastly, the findings of the differences between the selected and the control cases, show that it often appears that households in the selected cases did not have a car beforehand. Moreover, offering a shared car does not have a clear influence on its use. However, the use of the shared car and the ownership of the shared car may be explained by other factors. Moreover, the differences are not statistically significant.
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Valdivia is a Chilean city located near an estuary system, 800 km south of Santiago. The navigation capacity of the Valdivia river mainly determines the present state and future possibilities for the welfare of the city. Since sedimentation problems arose in the river, the capacity for navigation became limited. The ministry of Valdivia therefore desires a solution for this problem in order to create possibilities for future growth. However, it is not known to what extent solutions for the sedimentation problem will actually contribute to an increase of welfare. By identifying the problem for the Ministry of Public Works of Chile, the boundaries and goal of the project could be set. In this research an attempt is made to answer the following research question: How can the surplus of sediment in the Valdivia river be remedied and to what extent will this contribute to the economic and social values of the city of Valdivia? In order to know how to remedy the surplus of sediment, a qualitative analysis of probable causes of the sedimentation was necessary. The main subjects which were researched by means of data and literature are tidal influence, river discharges, sediment composition and salt intrusion. With this knowledge it was concluded that the directions and magnitudes of flow lines in the river system can give good indications on what locations sedimentation can occur. The interaction between tidal currents and river discharges are the main drivers behind these flow characteristics. To verify the theoretical analysis, a basic Delft3D model was set up containing only tidal movement and river discharges. The pattern of the flow lines which was obtained from the Delft3D model supports the possibility that sedimentation occurs on the current identified sedimentation locations. Although other hydrological and morphological processes were found to possibly influence sedimentation rates in the river, qualitative data for studying these processes were missing. The current Delft3D model is therefore a good result regarding the available data and can be seen as a part of preliminary research in order to support further studies. Because the exact causes of the sedimentation were not identified in this research, it was not possible to come up with suitable solutions and to research how these solutions could affect the system. However, in order to gain insight in the effects of a river system without sedimentation problems, a fictitious scenario was studied by means of a social cost benefit analysis. The goal of the social costs and benefits analysis was to give insight in what factors should be taken into account when considering a project plan which solves the sedimentation problem. A dredging design was made in order to make the Valdivia river navigable for larger cargo vessels to increase the trading capacity of Valdivia. This dredging design comprises the deepening of the Valdivia river to a minimum water depth of 10 meters. Considering investment and maintenance costs of the dredging activities of this magnitude, it is concluded that the costs are not profitable compared to the social and economic effects of a higher traffic intensity on the river. With the social costs and benefits analysis all effects of solving the sedimentation problem are inventoried. When the Delft3D model can identify what the remedy of the sedimentation could be, the impact on the economic and social values of Valdivia can be determined. This research was not sufficient to answer the research question. Both the Delft3D model and the SCBA model were lacking accurate and reliable data. To expand this research, it is necessary to collect the data of which an overview has been made. Therefore, this research can serve as a preliminary study for further research. It is recommended that after data collection, solutions will be identified which can solve the sedimentation problem. These solutions need to be compared with a scenario analysis in order to decide on which is the most suitable solution for the sedimentation problem. Besides this, it is advised to research whether it is actually necessary to expand the river for transport when looking at all actors involved. ... Read more