Electromagnetic fields have been widely applied in the field of materials processing, preparation, and analysis. The effectiveness during such processing is, however, highly dependent on the physics of the applied electromagnetic field as well as the electromagnetic responses from the materials. In order to improve the efficiency of electromagnetic field processing, understanding the fundamentals as well as the engineering of the corresponding electromagnetic effects is crucial. Focusing on metallic materials, this research gives a critical overview and discussion on different electromagnetic effects. Subsequently, the electromagnetic responses in different electromagnetic technologies are further discussed. Specifically, the industrial application potential for inclusion removal from liquid metals is evaluated and the energy coefficient is noticed to be substantially improved by increasing the magnetic flux density.@en

In this paper, a detailed study of the electrochemical behavior of zirconium in the molten LiF-KF-ZrF4 system on an inert molybdenum electrode was carried out at 600 °C. Several electrochemical techniques were employed such as cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and square wave voltammetry. The reduction of zirconium was found to be a multi-step process that at the potentials of 1.15, 1.50 and 1.62 V versus Pt, the corresponding cathodic reactions of Zr4+/Zr2+, Zr2+/Zr+ and Zr+/Zr occurred. The result was further confirmed by the theoretical calculation of the number of transferred electrons according to the cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry analysis. Moreover, based on the cyclic voltammograms, the diffusion coefficient of Zr4+ ions in the eutectic LiF-KF containing 1 wt% ZrF4 at 600 °C was estimated to be about 8.31 × 10-6 cm2 s-1. The present electrochemical study on zirconium in the molten fluoride system will be a theoretical reference for future zirconium electrorefining from Zr alloy or scraps.@en