Dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) at redshift z ≥ 1 are among the most vigorously star-forming galaxies in the Universe. However, their dense (≥10 ⁵cm ^-3) gas phase - typically traced by HCN(1-0) - remains almost entirely unexplored: only two DSFGs have been detected in HCN(1-0) to date. We present the results of a Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array survey of the J = 1-0 transition of HCN, HCO+, and HNC(1-0) in six strongly lensed DSFGs at z = 2:5-3:3, effectively doubling the number of DSFGs with deep observations of these lines. We detect HCN(1-0) emission in one source (J1202+5354, 4.6 σ), with a tentative HCO+(1-0) detection in another (J1609+6045, 3.3). Spectral stacking yields strict upper limits on the HCN/FIR (≤3:6 × 10 ^-4) and HCN/CO(1-0) ratios (≤0.045). The inferred HCN/FIR ratios (a proxy for the star-formation efficiency) are consistent with those in z ∼ 0 far-infrared-luminous starbursts. However, the HCN/CO ratios - a proxy for the dense-gas fraction - are a factor of a few lower than suggested by the two previous DSFG detections. Our results imply that most DSFGs have low dense-gas fractions. A comparison with theoretical models of star-forming galaxies indicates that the bulk of gas in DSFGs is at lower densities (≈10 ²cm ^-3), similar to normal star-forming galaxies, rather than ultraluminous starbursts.

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Recent uneven land use dynamics in urban areas resulting from demographic change, economic pressure and the cities' mutual competition in a globalising world challenge both scientists and practitioners, among them social scientists, modellers and spatial planners. Processes of growth and decline specifically affect the urban environment, the requirements of the residents on social and natural resources. Social and environmental research is interested in a better understanding and ways of explaining the interactions between society and landscape in urban areas. And it is also needed for making life in cities attractive, secure and affordable within or despite of uneven dynamics. The position paper upon "Actors and factors - bridging social science findings and urban land use change modeling" presents approaches and ideas on how social science findings on the interaction of the social system (actors) and the land use (factors) are taken up and formalised using modelling and gaming techniques. It should be understood as a first sketch compiling major challenges and proposing exemplary solutions in the field of interest.@en