Ready access to public sector information (PSI) offers unprecedented opportunities for the de-velopment of new products and applications and to make existing public and private sector pro-cesses more efficient and effective. PSI has perhaps the greatest opportunities in the field of geo-graphic information. Geographic information is indispensable in the development and mainte-nance of the physical environment. It is an important ingredient in several public tasks and do-mains, such as traffic and transport, water management, economic development and spatial plan-ning, climate and environment, education and health care, security and emergency planning. Of-ten geographic information is collected and processed by the government itself or otherwise by third parties on behalf of government. This type of public sector information appears to be very useful for performing these public duties and tasks, but also for other purposes: the so-called re-use of public sector geographic information. The European Commission strongly advocates open data (European Commission, 2011). The Commission’s hopes are that the greater availability of interoperable public data catalyses secondary use of such data, which leads to growth of infor-mation industries and better government transparency and efficiency, and increased citizen partic-ipation in public processes. The economic potential of PSI re-use is estimated at least €40 bil-lion for the EU27 (Vickery 2011) and $900 billion per year worldwide (Manyika et al. 2013). Geographic information covers a significant part of these values (see Broomby et al. 2000, Dek-kers et al. 2006). The European Union introduced several legal instruments to stimulate re-use. The most prominent instrument is Directive 2003/98/EC on the re-use of public sector infor-mation (PSI Directive). The INSPIRE Directive 2007/2/EC establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE) is especially designed and aimed at promoting access to and sharing of government geographic data (cf. Janssen 2009, Janssen 2011). The Netherlands is one of the EU countries that has fully embraced the spirit of open data and can be seen as one of the best practice countries concerning open geographic data. In this article we provide an insight in state of open geographic data in the Netherlands. The article starts with explaining open data and geographic data. Then we discuss two legal instru-ments that stimulate open data: the PSI Directive (2003/98/EC) and its amendment (2013/37/EU) and the INSPIRE Directive (2007/2/EC). Then we discuss the state of open geographic data in the Netherlands. The paper ends with conclusions. @en

The European Union's policy on open data aims at generating value through re-use of public sector information, such as mapping data. Open data policies should be applied in full compliance with the principles relating to the protection of personal data of the EU Data Protection Directive. Increased computer power, advancing data mining techniques and the increasing amount of publicly available big data extend the reach of the EU Data Protection
Directive to much more data than currently assumed and acted upon. Especially mapping data are a key factor to identify individual data subjects and consequently subject to the EU Data Protection Directive and the recently approved EU General Data Protection Regulation. This could in effect obstruct the implementation of open data policies in the EU. The very hungry data protection legislation results in a need to rethink either the concept of personal data or the conditions for use of mapping data that are considered personal data.@en