Hydrogen, a key component of a net-carbon free society, requires precise sensing solutions. This research focuses on the development of metal hydride-coated Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) based hydrogen sensors, marking a significant step towards the realisation of multipoint hydrogen sensing systems - a growing demand in the industry. The performance of three FBG sensors coated with nanometre-thick tantalum, palladium, and palladium-gold hydrogen sensing metal thin films, deposited via magnetron sputtering, is presented. Among these, the novel tantalum sensor exhibited the best performance, achieving a minimum detection limit of 50 ppm and and an enhanced sensitivity below 0.1% H₂ levels at room temperature.

Hydrogen is a cornerstone of the emerging net-zero carbon economy, and its widespread deployment demands sensitive, stable, and scalable detection technologies. In this study, we present a comparative performance analysis of Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors coated with nanometre-thick metal hydride-forming layers—tantalum (Ta), tantalum-palladium alloy (Ta_0.88 Pd_0.12), palladium (Pd), and palladium-gold alloy (Pd _0.6 Au_0.4)—for optical hydrogen sensing. The integration of Ta and Ta _0.88 Pd_0.12, two tantalum-based metal hydrides, with FBG sensors is introduced here for the first time, offering a promising alternative to conventional Pd-based materials. All coatings were deposited via magnetron sputtering and tested under controlled hydrogen exposure across concentrations ranging from 0.001% to 100% H₂. The Ta-based FBGs exhibited outstanding performance, showing a remarkably linear relative wavelength shift over the full tested range (0.001% to 100% H₂), with sensitivity detectable down to 10 ppm—the lowest concentration achievable in the current setup. Both Ta and Ta_0.88 Pd_0.12 sensors exhibited fully reversible and hysteresis-free response characteristics, with rapid response and recovery. Among them, the Ta_0.88 Pd_0.12 sensor with a 100 nm coating demonstrated the highest logarithmic sensitivity of ∼9 pm/decade(%H₂), corresponding to a 9 pm wavelength shift for every tenfold increase in hydrogen concentration between 0.001% and 100% H₂. In contrast, Pd and Pd _0.6 Au_0.4 sensors showed degraded performance at low concentrations and greater signal hysteresis. These results underscore the potential of Ta and Ta _0.88 Pd_0.12 coatings as robust and high-performance alternatives to conventional Pd-based materials for next-generation distributed fibre-optic hydrogen sensing systems.

Hydrogen, crucial in industrial and environmental realms, demands precise sensing methods. This study focuses on the design of a metal hydride-coated tilted fibre Bragg grating (TFBG) based sensor for hydrogen detection, introducing tantalum as a novel sensing material for fibre optic hydrogen sensor development. To facilitate the ellipsometry inspection of optical constants, magnetron sputtering technique has been employed to deposit nanometer-scale metal films onto a glass substrate. Numerical modeling results are presented for mode analysis of the proposed sensor design, analyzing transverse mode behavior for sensor optimization. The study also provides insights into other TFBG sensor design considerations, suggesting potential hydrogen sensing applications, such as hydrogen-powered aviation and storage solutions.

Hydrogen, which serves as a major driver of sustainable aviation, requires precise sensing methods. This study focuses on the development of a metal hydride-coated tilted fibre Bragg grating (TFBG) based sensor for hydrogen detection, with tantalum as a novel sensing material for fibre optic hydrogen sensing. Magnetron sputtering has been employed to deposit nanometer-scale metal films onto the optical fibre surface of the TFBG structure. In this proof of concept work, changes in both amplitude and the centre wavelength of cladding resonances of the TFBG transmission spectrum were observed in the hydrogen concentration range from 0.01% to 4% at room temperature.

Palladium thin films have been studied as hydrogen sensing materials and applied to variety of optical hydrogen sensors. Recently, tantalum has emerged as an attractive option for hydrogen sensing materials due to its broad sensing range and flexibility in tuning the sensing range by modifying the alloying composition or elements. Following the demand for optical hydrogen sensors for aerospace applications, testing the performance of hydrogen sensing materials is of interest. This work examines the optical response in respect to changing hydrogen concentrations and thermal expansion of palladium-gold (Pd_0.65Au_0.35) and tantalum-ruthenium (Ta_0.97Ru_0.03 and Ta_0.91Ru_0.09) thin films at temperatures similar to a hydrogen combustion engine. Our results suggest that tantalum-ruthenium alloys are suitable for sensing hydrogen from ambient temperatures up to 270^◦C because its low detection limit (0.01% of hydrogen in the atmosphere) is well below the explosive limit of hydrogen (4% of hydrogen in the atmosphere).

Metal hydrides have been widely studied as hydrogen sensing materials and applied to various optical sensor configurations. With the increasing interest in using hydrogen as an energy source across sectors involving combustion processes, there is a growing demand for reliable hydrogen sensors operating at temperatures above 100 °C. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the performance of potential hydrogen sensing materials at elevated temperatures. We conducted experiments to observe the optical response and structural characteristics of palladium, palladium–gold, tantalum, and tantalum-alloy thin films with respect to varying hydrogen concentrations from 28 °C to 270 °C. Our results demonstrate that the optical response of palladium and palladium–gold diminish at 270 °C. However, tantalum provides a remarkable optical response to hydrogen concentrations below 1% for all the observed temperatures and a stable response at 270 °C for 350 cycles. Our measurement results show that tantalum is the most suitable material for detecting hydrogen within the range of 0.01% to 100% at temperatures ranging from 28 °C to 270 °C.