Observations in the field suggest that the existing guidelines for bed protection design may lead to overly conservative protections at berthing structures of inland vessels. In this study, physical scale model tests have been performed using particle image velocimetry to assess the near-bed velocity and the velocity decay of jets generated by transverse bow thrusters. The effect of the bed roughness, under-keel clearance (UKC) and quay wall clearance on the resulting near-bed velocities are discussed here. The results show that the maximum near-bed velocity occurs in the vicinity of the quay wall and results from an interplay between jet diffusion and the blockage effect of the nearby boundaries (e.g., quay wall, bed, and vessel), where the roughness of the confining boundary plays a role. The existing design guidelines predict fairly well the maximum near-bed velocity for smooth beds and for relatively large UKC's. However, the guidelines tend to overestimate the maximum near-bed velocities for rough beds and for small UKC's. This study proposes a new method based on measurement data to estimate the maximum near-bed velocity for confined bow thruster jets.

Remote sensing technologies have the potential to support monitoring of floating plastic litter in aquatic environments. An experimental campaign was carried out in a large-scale hydrodynamic test facility to explore the detectability of floating plastics in ocean waves, comparing and contrasting different microwave and optical remote sensing technologies. The extensive experiments revealed that detection of plastics was feasible with microwave measurement techniques using X and Ku-bands with VV polarization at a plastic threshold concentration of 1 item/m² or 1–10 g/m². The optical measurements further revealed that spectral and polarization properties in the visible and infrared spectrum had diagnostic information unique to the floating plastics. This assessment presents a crucial step towards enabling the detection of aquatic plastics using advanced remote sensing technologies. We demonstrate that remote sensing has the potential for global targeting of plastic litter hotspots, which is needed for supporting effective clean-up efforts and scientific evidence-based policy making.

Spatio-temporal wave patterns due to wave field–structure interaction can be very complex to measure and analyze when using (intrusive) point probes. Free-surface field measurements can offer much needed insight in this domain. Nevertheless, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, these methods are rarely used in experimental offshore engineering and research. In these fields, typical domain sizes are at least in the order of several m², whereas (optical) free-surface field measurements are often not performed in domains with dimensions larger than roughly 0.5 × 0.5 m². In the current work, the optical free-surface measurement technique named Free-Surface Synthetic Schlieren (FS-SS) is applied to measure the interaction between an incident wave field and a surface piercing cylinder, or monopile, in a domain of several m² for the first time. The FS-SS method is validated for wave fields with wavelengths λ ≪ L to λ ≫ L, where L is the domain size in the direction of wave propagation. It is found that the incorporation of an additional water level measurement improves the agreement between intrusive wave height meters and the FS-SS measurement for large wavelengths (λ / L> 0.5) as compared to assuming a zero-mean free-surface. Wave field–monopile interaction is measured for two values of D/ λ: D/ λ= 0.1 and D/ λ= 0.2 , where D is the monopile diameter. For the case D/ λ= 0.2 the interaction wave field is analyzed by subtracting the measured wave field in the absence of a structure, from the measured interaction wave fields. The measured difference wave field reveals many interaction phenomena such as locations of amplification, both near the monopile and further away, a wake that has certain similarities with a Kelvin wake, and a circular small wavelength diffraction pattern. Additionally, the embedding of the measurements in a wave breaking regime map is presented. In this map, the applicability for certain wave conditions can be clearly visualized. It is concluded that the FS-SS method, including the proposed improvement using additional sensor data, is a useful addition to the toolbox of hydraulic engineers and researchers, and that especially the measured locations of wave amplification in the far field will not be easily detected using (arrays of) point probes.