Aim. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical feasibility of three-dimensional gated blood pool scintigraphy (3D GBPS) on a 3D-ring cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT)/computed tomography (CT) system for the assessment of left ventricular function. Clinical feasibility was evaluated in a patient study comparing 3D GBPS on a 3D-ring CZT SPECT/CT system to two-dimensional (2D) planar multigated acquisition (MUGA) on a conventional dual-head sodium iodide (NaI) gamma camera. Acquisition and reconstruction protocols were optimized for 3D GBPSon a3D-ring CZT SPECT/CT system for clinical application.

Methods. Patients referred for 2D planar MUGA to assess left ventricular function as part of their clinical work-up were prospectively enrolled. Patients received 550 MBq technetium-99m-labeled human serum albumin and underwent both 2D planar MUGA on a conventional dual-head NaI gamma camera and 3D GBPS on a 3D-ring CZT SPECT/CT system in direct succession. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), and end-systolic volume (LVESV) were assessed on both systems. Correlations and systematic differences in LVEF, LVEDV, LVESV between the systems were evaluated. Acquisition optimization was performed by retrospectively reducing acquisition time using list-mode data, and assessing its impact on LVEF accuracy. Reconstruction parameters were optimized based on image quality and agreement of LVEF accuracy.

Results. Ten patients were included. An acquisition and optimized reconstruction protocol was established: 15-minute acquisition time, 16 RR bins, focus mode and ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) with 6 iterations, 10 subsets, voxel size 4.92 mm, no scatter correction, and no post-reconstruction filtering. 3D GBPS yielded significantly higher median LVEF values compared to 2D planar MUGA (73.5% vs. 61.5%, p < 0.05) and significantly lower LVESV values (22.0 mL vs. 46.0 mL, p < 0.05), while LVEDV values were comparable between modalities (91.5 mL vs. 93.5 mL, p > 0.05). Correlation between the two systems was poor for LVEF (ρ = 0.20), moderate for LVEDV (ρ = 0.46), and absent for LVESV (ρ = 0.10). No significant difference in LVEF was observed between 75% and 100% acquisition times, with the strongest correlation at 75% (ρ = 0.96). Significant differences and lower correlations were found at 50% (ρ = 0.92) and 25% (ρ = 0.82) compared to 100%.

Conclusion. 3D GBPS on a 3D-ring CZT SPECT/CT system yielded systematically higher LVEF and lower LVESV values compared to 2D planar MUGA on a conventional dual-head NaI gamma camera, indicating that the two methods are not interchangeable. Acquisition time could potentially be reduced by 25%, from 15 to 11 minutes, without affecting LVEF accuracy. Our findings suggest that 3D GBPS is clinically feasible, but further validation is required.

Detection of lymph node involvement has a significant negative impact on the treatment outcome for patients with head and neck squamous-cell carcinomas (SCC). Metastatic lymph nodes can be detected with high sensitivity by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET). However, 18F-FDG uptake is not only increased in metastasis. For example, inflammation in irradiated regions have increased 18F-FDG uptake obscuring possible residual tumour. Additional imaging might improve the specificity of the 18F-FDG PET images.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is currently used in head and neck imaging to provide anatomical reference for the 18F-FDG PET. However, early detection of metastatic lymph nodes based on anatomical MRI is difficult. Physiological MRI uses sequences that allow for the measurement of physiological processes within a tissue. Changes of these physiological processes within lymph nodes might indicate a metastasis. Two types of physiological MRI were of interest for this study, diffusion weighted imaging-intravoxel incoherent motion (DWI-IVIM) and dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE)-MRI. Quantified data from these physiological MRI acquisition might provided added predictive value in head and neck PET/MR for the detection of metastatic SCCs lymph nodes.

For the prospective study, subjects were included between September and December 2022 scheduled for a standard diagnostic PET/MR exam of the head and neck region with (suspected) SCC. The DWI-IVIM and DCE-MRI sequences were additionally acquired during the standard diagnostic PET/MR. Lymph nodes identified by an experienced radiologist or nuclear medicine physician were included for processing and analysis. Metastatic lymph nodes were determined based on the pathology results. Each included lymph was described non-suspect, suspect or pathological based on the standard PET/MR images.

Masks of only the lymph node region of interests were used for processing of the DWI-IVIM and DCE-MRI images. From the DWI-IVIM model diffusion D and pseudodiffusion D* were calculated. Quantitative permeability parameters for DCE-MRI were modelled with the extended Tofts pharmacokinetic model. The outcome measures included permeability Ktrans, Kep and volume fraction Vp. Descriptive parameters were calculated for each lymph node from each quantitative parameter map.

In total 14 subjects were scanned with the additional physiological MRI sequences, of which ten were included with 41 analysed lymph nodes. Pathology was acquired for 13 lymph nodes, three malignant and ten non-malignant. Significant differences were found between the malignant and non-malignant lymph nodes for quantitative parameters of DWI-IVIM D, DWI-IVIM D*, 18F-FDG SUV, DCE-MRI Ktrans and DCE-MRI Kep. Furthermore, six of the ten non-malignant lymph nodes were suspected based on the standard PET/MR images.

The physiological MRI showed multiple quantitative parameters correlating to malignancy. Moreover, the relatively high number of suspected non-malignant lymph nodes depicts the potential specificity improvement physiological MRI can provide for head and neck PET/MR imaging. However, a larger database of analysed lymph nodes is required to determine more concrete correlations.