The mobility sector was responsible for 17% of total CO2 emissions in 2022 (CBS, 2024) and more than half of that was attributed to private cars. At the same time, public transport costs have increased (Durand & Krabbenborg, 2024), and services are limited in rural areas, (Hamers et al., 2014) resulting in mobility poverty. This is not an isolated issue. CO2 emissions cause climate change and sea level rise (National Delta Programme, 2023). Greenhouse gas emissions need to be reduced drastically, partly through an energy transition in the mobility sector. Thus, increasing mobility justice, transitioning towards sustainable energy and dealing with sea level rise, have to be approached in an integrated manner.

This report uses spatial justice and mobility justice as lenses to look at mobility and the energy transition in Noord-Holland. These transitions are approached from the perspective of commuters, both human and non-human. A conceptual framework is formulated, to assess the level of mobility justice, both in the current and envisioned situation.

Based on the radical perspectives of five different commuters, a combined vision is created, in three layers: nature, mobility and energy. Key vision goals are creating a safe energy landscape, transitioning away from fossil fuels in the mobility sector, adapting to living with water and creating mobility justice for all commuters. To reach this, new modes of transport are introduced, a shift away from private ownership of cars towards shared and public transport is encouraged and self-sufficient energy zones are introduced.

The vision is supported by a strategy. Policies are implemented on the layers of nature, mobility and energy. The transitions are spread out over three main phases: the first to prepare for a fossil fuel-free mobility sector, the second to prepare for flooding and the third to move towards mobility justice.