The main question of this master thesis is: Which changes have to be made to make the Lidl’s Specification circular, with an emphasis on materials and assembly? To come to an answer, a multitude of steps were taken.

The first step was an assessment of the principles of Circular Economy, the principles which lie at the foundation of the, Technological and Biological cycle. A number of different assessment methods were analysed on their circular implementation, they have been evaluated on five assessment criteria for the Circular Economy. The Material Circularity Indicator and the Disassembly Potential are concluded to be the most effective, especially when used in tandem. The Material Circularity Indicator is used to determine the circularity of a material used in a building component. The Disassembly Potential gives an indication how well a building can be brought back to its original materials, it determines if disassembly or demolition will be most likely. These two methods used for the next step.

This next step is the analysis of the Specification of the Lidl. The 6 S-model of Steward Brand is used in combination with both the MCI and the DP to determine the circularity of the most important components mentioned in the Specification. The components are divided into three categories, sufficient, partially sufficient and insufficient in their circularity.

As the third step, a redesign was made, to change a component from insufficient to sufficient. The roof was chosen as this component. Most of the roof components were partially sufficient, but has a lot of functionalities, which make it a broader applicable example.
In the redesign, two design were evaluated, a technical redesign and a green redesign. The technical design mainly focussed on rematerializing the original roof design so it would receive a higher MCI, the result showed that just changing materials isn’t a sufficient strategy, the design needs to enable disassembly. The green redesign instead focussed on used biological degradable materials, it fully redesigned both the materials and the connecting principles. The green redesign showed which changes were necessary to enable circularity in the Specification.

Each of the steps provided answers to main research question. The result are the following five changes:
•Exchange non-circular materials, materials which can’t be economically recycled at the end of their technical life span, for materials which can be recycled.
•Enable reuse of materials, by removing static constructions methods, making all connections reversable.
•Make dimensions and connections generic.
•Implement the criteria from the Material Circularity Indicator to the Specification for circular materials.
•The development strategy of the Lidl needs to be changed, reusing elements and components instead of employing new ones.
These recommendations are a reasonable first step on a long journey to a circular supermarket chain.

Problem definition and objective. Since the industrialization in the 18th century, urbanized and industrial countries base their whole economies on the consumption and destruction of fossil fuel and raw materials. In the past decades, after observing gradual global climate change, most governments
acknowledge the environmental impact of their system and want a change. One way to reduce the pressure on the earth is by shifting to the circular economy. In terms of energy this means that society should be completely disconnected from fossil based energy and switch torenewable energy. The objective of this research was to look at the potentials for a local energy network in an existing
city context and to design a local energy system. A Lidl supermarket forms the centre of the system. In addition to this, a new element is introduced to the
built environment : the urban rooftop greenhouse. Study design. Broad literature survey on circularity, later converging to energy related literature studies. This is followed an energy analysis of a modern Lidl supermarket and energy balances are calculated for a greenhouse and a supermarket. The energy system is based on these energy balances.
Setting. This research focuses on one residential city block in Amsterdam Oud-West, the Netherlands. The block is enclosed by the Eerste Helmerstraat, Alberdingk Thijmstraat, Tweede Helmerstraat and the Nassaukade (52°21’51.7”N - 4°52’38.1”E). The Lidl located in this city block forms the case study of the research and will be refurbished/modernised in the near future. Two potential residential buildings are identified in this city block and are included in the energy system.
Supermarket analysis. A modern and sustainable Lidl supermarket in Stein is analysed to determine the energy performance of the refurbished Lidl in Amsterdam.
Energy quantification. Energy balances of the Lidl supermarket and the rooftop greenhouse are calculated. The energy system is based on the values retrieved from these energy balances. The heat demand of the local dwelling is determined from the literature survey.
Designing the energy model. The greenhouse, the supermarket and adjacent dwelling form an energetic triangle. First, the possibilities of energetic collaboration between individual components are explored. Secondly,
all components are connected with each other through an underground energy storage. The size and indoor climate of the greenhouse are determined based on the required balance of this energy storage.
Urban design. Energy values and schemes are translated into a rough urban design proposal. Also social cohesion is taken into account here.
Results. Energetic interventions are translated into emission cutbacks of CO2. The present situation, based on conventional climate systems, is compared with the all-electric situation from the designed energy model. The energy system designed in this research results in a cumulative CO2 emission reduction of 60%.
Design tool. All possible parameters that influence the energetic performance of the system are collected in one Excel design tool. This tool allows for fast alterations to the design to achieve a balanced energy storage and changes are immediately translated to CO2 emission cutbacks.