Between July 12 and 15, 2021, extreme rainfall in Luxembourg, Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands caused severe flooding. The total damage in the Netherlands is estimated to be between € 350 and € 600 million, with Valkenburg aan de Geul suffering the most damage. The economic and tourist heart of this city is located in the lowest part of the valley, therefore developing a flood reduction measure is challenging due to the limited space and restrictions in this location to protect the culture and nature. In previous studies, different solutions were proposed for reducing the flood risk such as flood walls in Valkenburg; however, due to the locational difficulties, many options are difficult to implement except for the option of a flood bypass tunnel. A flood bypass tunnel has never been applied in the Netherlands, however; it is applied in mountainous countries. A flood bypass tunnel rapidly conveys floodwaters through densely populated areas. For Valkenburg, a flood bypass tunnel will reduce the flood risk locally while taking up little space and keeping the historic district intact. Recent research did not look further into the opportunity of a flood bypass tunnel as a flood measure assuming it would be too expensive (Asselman & van Heeringen, 2023). However, different studies concluded that a flood bypass tunnel is a viable option (Van Dijk, 2022; Kallen et al., 2022; Leijser & Nijhof, 2022). Nonetheless, a flood bypass tunnel has never been applied in the Netherlands, and there is no prior research detailing the hydraulic and operational applicability of a flood bypass tunnel for Valkenburg aan de Geul. The main objective of this thesis is therefore to develop a hydraulic flood bypass tunnel design for Valkenburg aan de Geul which should operate to reduce the flood risk. The objective is reached by combining the design approach for hydraulic structures with a Systems Engineering approach. First, the river system and its environment are analysed. Secondly, the basis of the design is determined. Thirdly, two alternative designs are developed from the two different types of reference projects: a passive and an active flood bypass tunnel. The first design alternative is based on a passive flood bypass tunnel. It consists of a 2.4-meter-tall and 24.5-meter-wide Ogee weir, two tunnel tubes of 3.5 m diameter, and allows for a maximum discharge capacity of 55 m3/s. Once the tunnel is filled, the flow is pressurised. After a flood, the remaining water will be pumped out. A co-current channel is designed to prevent water from refilling the tunnel from the outlet side in a non-flooding situation. The second design alternative is based on an active flood bypass tunnel. It consists of four vertical moving flat gates at the inlets and outlets, two tubes of 3.5 m diameter, and allows for a maximum discharge capacity of 58 m3/s. The water level will be controlled by the flat gates using a system for early automatic detection of flood hazards. The tunnel is always filled, thus pressurised. After a flood, the gates at the in- and outlets will close off the tunnel from its environment. The gates are tested twice a year, during which the system is flushed and refreshed. The two design alternatives were evaluated according to six weighted criteria and ranked using a multi-criteria analysis in discussion with the municipality (gemeente Valkenburg aan de Geul) and the waterboard (waterschap Limburg), and a cost analysis was conducted. The first design alternative with the passive flood bypass tunnel was selected due to its high reliability and serviceability, which were highly valued, and low maintenance costs, compared to the second design alternative The flood bypass tunnel reduces the flood risk based on discharge reduction from an estimated once every 19 years to once every 250 years in the current climate. This accounts for uncertainty due to climate change and ensures flood risk reduction in the future. The flood bypass is only active when a flood is impending; hence the water remains to flow through the Geul and does not interfere with the cultural heritage and tourism of Valkenburg aan de Geul. Due to the cost-efficient pipe jacking method, the total construction cost is approximately €40 million with an estimated yearly maintenance cost of €100 k.

This research aims to explore sediment transport behavior and accumulation caused by run-of-river weirs in order to examine there feasibility for sustainable sediment mining purposes in the White Volta River. Weirs are used to raise water levels up-stream to increase water levels and storage, but their is little information regarding sediment continuity and transport over a weir. Observational research studies suggest that weirs do not have a 100% trapping efficiency, however, due to the reduced flows this study hypothesizes that sediment will settle upstream of the structure. Based on data from the White Volta River, a 1D Flume model is created using HEC-RAS which tests several sediment transport functions and bed roughness parameters with constant bed slope, suspended and bed-load gradation in order to estimate sediment settling. The results suggest that during peak discharge events settled sediments are flushed up and over the weir. As peak discharges decrease, settling occurs based on particle diameter causing increased sediment  storage up-stream until the next flushing event. The volume of sediment stored ramp is highly variable with respect to bed roughness and the used transport function, suggesting river calibration is required for concrete estimates. Based on the model results, approximately 1 − 2% of the White Volta’s yearly suspended load settles in-front of the structure before the discharge flushing event.

Two current assumptions of the Zeesluisformulering (ZSF) regarding a homogeneous lock density and instantaneous shipping are tested against refined descriptions according to literature: a stratified lock density and shipping according the continuity approach. These are implemented into a conceptual model constructed in Python, after which optimizations are quantified by means of a sensitivity analysis and a case study. It was found that by using the new assumption set, a maximum of approximately 10% less salt intrusion is obtained as a result of the influence of the return current on the lock exchange.