Measurement campaigns and CFD simulations have recently identified a large-scale flow phenomenon called wind-farm flow blockage. This is found to bear a significant and far-reaching reduction in wind speed upstream of a wind farm. The wind farm blockage is attributed to the cumulative induction effects of multiple wind turbines placed in series. Wind-farm flow blockage has important consequences on energy production because it reduces the available kinetic energy in the incoming wind flow. In turn, this causes leading wind turbines in a wind farm to produce less energy than they each would in isolation. To date, the physics of this global blockage effect is not entirely understood, and they are therefore an active research topic. Due to the increasing demand for wind energy, reducing annual energy production (AEP) uncertainties and power production bias seems to be a challenge for wind energy researchers. Understanding wind farm blockage in complex terrain becomes crucial to account for uncertainties and power production bias.
This thesis set out to perform Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations to assess the impact of wind-farm flow blockage in complex terrain using the open-source software OpenFOAM. A laterally infinite row of turbines is simulated on top of a 2-D hill defined by the mathematical curve ’Witch of Agnesi’. The set of simulations is performed for varying atmospheric conditions: truly neutral and stable free atmospheric conditions. Thermal stratification imposed under stable conditions is of particular interest due to the excitation of atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs) by the turbine array and the topology. The velocity fields due to the presence of the turbine array on top of the hill are compared to the ones without. The resulting flow reduction is then compared to the cases without the hill in order to assess the impact of complex terrain on wind farm blockage. A series of sensitivity analyses are performed for varying inter-array spacing and hill size variations in order to further the understanding of wind farm blockage.
The results obtained in this study show that the magnitude of wind farm blockage is amplified due to the presence of the hill. Additionally, the excitation of AGWs is seen to have a major impact on the wind farm blockage due to alterations caused to the pressure field. The impact of blockage is seen to be dominant up to at least 10-15 turbine diameters upstream of the turbine array under truly neutral conditions. While the effects are more pronounced and much more dominant under stable free atmosphere conditions. All the stable free atmosphere cases simulated show a reduction ranging from 1-4% at different upstream locations while neutral cases show slightly lower yet non-negligible reduction due to blockage.
This study ultimately concludes that the existing ’wakes-only’ approach for estimating energy losses still has a significant power production bias. Therefore accounting for the blockage effects in the farm upstream is also equally important and must be analysed before commissioning a wind farm.