Cycling is a widely accessible form of transportation and physical activity, yet individuals with lower-limb amputations often face barriers to participating in it. One of the most critical challenges comes from the absence of the sensory feeling of touch through the prosthetic device, which directly impairs the connection of the rider with the bicycle, impacting cycling safety and confidence.

In the Netherlands alone, it is estimated that there are over 20,000 lower-limb amputees, with transtibial amputations being the most common involving major joints. Despite this, commercial solutions only focus on able-bodied users, lacking adaptability for daily use, or requiring complex movements that are not feasible for prosthesis users. This design research project addresses a gap in assistive technology development by proposing a safe and intuitive pedal attachment system that enables amputees to cycle with greater confidence and autonomy. The relevance of this work lies in its potential to increase mobility and improve the quality of life for amputees, particularly as cycling is both a means of transportation and an exercise, serving as a societal integrative and health-promoting activity.

The research followed a user-centered design approach structured in four phases: understanding the context, defining learnings, developing the concept, and evaluating its performance. Multiple methods were employed throughout the process, including desk research, user and expert interviews, and user observation to understand the medical and functional context of transtibial amputations and gather insights into their current cycling habits, needs, and frustrations.

Comparative product analysis helped identify pain points, while ideation workshops and iterative prototyping allowed the project to explore a wide range of design opportunities. CAD simulations, mechanical modeling, and physical testing using 3D-printed and machined parts were used to evaluate usability, comfort, and functionalities. These methods were selected to balance technical feasibility with user testing, while also accommodating the logistical challenges of limited amputee participant access.

The insights gathered through the research directly shaped the final product, a pedal attachment system that safely fixes the prosthetic foot while allowing intuitive disengagement, preserving the user’s range of motion and control.

The form and function of the system were informed by biomechanical analysis of the pedaling cycle, emphasizing joint mobility and preserving prosthesis alignment and user posture. User testing and Product evaluation questionnaires confirmed that the solution enabled confident pedaling without strain and a consistent release mechanism that takes into account the relevant mobility challenges of amputees. The outcome has the potential to increase adoption of cycling by new amputees, accelerate their learning curve, and assist in retaining current adopters of the activity.

In conclusion, this project demonstrates how user-centered design can be effective in addressing overlooked aspects, in this case, from prosthetic use and everyday cycling. By integrating biomechanical analysis, iterative prototyping, and qualitative feedback, the research resulted in a proof of concept and context-sensitive prototype that meets user needs while advancing the field of assistive technology. The solution has potential for further refinement and exploration for mobility aids. The approach offers a replicable model for developing inclusive designs in other domains of assistive technology.