HM
H.G. Merkus
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Good particulate products require that particle segregation has been minimized. Moreover representative sampling is essential for adequate quality control of such products. This requires optimum design of procedures and equipment for both sampling and measurement. Representative test samples primarily require that all constituent particles have had equal chance of being taken from a lot of material, given their proportion. Moreover, a sufficient number of particles is necessary for good precision. This article discusses and exemplifies various potential errors during collection of small amounts from powder lots and during in-situ and on-line measurement, so that optimum consideration can be given to the design of adequate analytical procedures. It should be realized that the errors during sampling of particulate materials are very similar to those during collection of small portions for production of pharmaceutical tablets.
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Good particulate products require that particle segregation has been minimized. Moreover representative sampling is essential for adequate quality control of such products. This requires optimum design of procedures and equipment for both sampling and measurement. Representative test samples primarily require that all constituent particles have had equal chance of being taken from a lot of material, given their proportion. Moreover, a sufficient number of particles is necessary for good precision. This article discusses and exemplifies various potential errors during collection of small amounts from powder lots and during in-situ and on-line measurement, so that optimum consideration can be given to the design of adequate analytical procedures. It should be realized that the errors during sampling of particulate materials are very similar to those during collection of small portions for production of pharmaceutical tablets.
Particulate materials are produced intentionally or unintentionally inmany different processes. Classification is often required to produce a productthat has a given particle size range. In other cases particles have to be removed asfar as possible from a dispersion in a liquid or air/gas either to recover valuablematerials, or to eliminate health or explosion hazards, or to produce a clear fluid.This chapter gives an overview of the available techniques, especially the applica-tion and characteristics of (hydro)cyclones, since they are used in many applica-tions. The application of computational fluid dynamics in combination with (new)flow measurement techniques begins to provide new insight into the influence of thedetails of cyclone design on the flow patterns, the collection efficiency, the cut size,the pressure drop and potential erosion problems, and, thus, may relate to optimumdesigns in relation to required tasks
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Particulate materials are produced intentionally or unintentionally inmany different processes. Classification is often required to produce a productthat has a given particle size range. In other cases particles have to be removed asfar as possible from a dispersion in a liquid or air/gas either to recover valuablematerials, or to eliminate health or explosion hazards, or to produce a clear fluid.This chapter gives an overview of the available techniques, especially the applica-tion and characteristics of (hydro)cyclones, since they are used in many applica-tions. The application of computational fluid dynamics in combination with (new)flow measurement techniques begins to provide new insight into the influence of thedetails of cyclone design on the flow patterns, the collection efficiency, the cut size,the pressure drop and potential erosion problems, and, thus, may relate to optimumdesigns in relation to required tasks
The recovery of valuable minerals has developed in the twentieth century into a major economic activity. Flotation processes are now the preferred technique for recovery because of a better understanding and treatment of ore surfaces for selective and improved mineral recovery as well as improvements to the equipment used in the process. Flotation is also applied for treatment of waste water and de-inking of recycled paper. This chapter gives an overview of the flotation process, its background, the equipment used and the important role it plays in the recovery of precious materials from waste.
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The recovery of valuable minerals has developed in the twentieth century into a major economic activity. Flotation processes are now the preferred technique for recovery because of a better understanding and treatment of ore surfaces for selective and improved mineral recovery as well as improvements to the equipment used in the process. Flotation is also applied for treatment of waste water and de-inking of recycled paper. This chapter gives an overview of the flotation process, its background, the equipment used and the important role it plays in the recovery of precious materials from waste.