Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging using exogenous fluorescent agents provides whole-field images in real-time to assist the surgeon in the excision of a tumor. Although the method has high sensitivity, the specificity can sometimes be lower than expected. Raman spectroscopy can detect tumors with high specificity. Therefore, a combination of both techniques can be advantageous. A complication that must be addressed is that the NIR spectral region is favored by both techniques for (in vivo) tissue analysis. When fluorescence and Raman emissions spectrally overlap, it becomes challenging or impossible to detect the Raman signal. In this paper, by avoiding this overlap, we describe a Raman spectroscopy setup capable of recording high-quality Raman spectra from tissue containing NIR exogenous fluorescent agents. We identify an optimal wavelength interval (900-915 nm) for Raman excitation, which avoids both excitation of fluorescent dyes and Raman signal self-absorption by the tissue. In this way, Raman spectroscopy can be combined with the currently most-used NIR fluorescent dyes. This combined novel setup could pave the way for clinical trials benefiting from both fluorescence imaging and Raman spectroscopy to avoid positive margins in cancer surgery.@en

Intraoperative near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging using tumor-specific exogenous fluorescent agents provides whole-field images in real-time to assist the surgeon in the complete resection of tumor tissue. Although the method has high sensitivity, the specificity can sometimes be lower than expected. Raman spectroscopy can differentiate between tumor and healthy tissue with high specificity based on their molecular composition. Therefore, a combination of these modalities can be advantageous. A complication that must be addressed is that the NIR spectral region is favored by both techniques for intraoperative tissue analysis. When fluorescence and Raman emissions spectrally overlap, it becomes challenging or impossible to detect the Raman signal. Therefore, these techniques were traditionally considered mutually exclusive for clinical implementation. Here, a Raman spectroscopy setup capable of recording high-quality Raman spectra from tissue containing NIR exogenous fluorescent agents is described. In this setup, an optimal wavelength interval for Raman excitation is identified, which avoids both excitation of fluorescent agent and Raman signal self-absorption by the tissue. This combined novel setup could pave the way for clinical trials benefiting from the complementary value of intraoperative NIR fluorescence imaging and Raman spectroscopy to avoid positive margins in cancer surgery.@en

Intraoperative near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging using tumor-specific exogenous fluorescent agents provides whole-field images in real-time to assist the surgeon in the complete resection of tumor tissue. Although the method has high sensitivity, the specificity can sometimes be lower than expected. Raman spectroscopy can differentiate between tumor and healthy tissue with high specificity based on their molecular composition. Therefore, a combination of these modalities can be advantageous. A complication that must be addressed is that the NIR spectral region is favored by both techniques for intraoperative tissue analysis. When fluorescence and Raman emissions spectrally overlap, it becomes challenging or impossible to detect the Raman signal. Therefore, these techniques were traditionally considered mutually exclusive for clinical implementation. Here, a Raman spectroscopy setup capable of recording high-quality Raman spectra from tissue containing NIR exogenous fluorescent agents is described. In this setup, an optimal wavelength interval for Raman excitation is identified, which avoids both excitation of fluorescent agent and Raman signal self-absorption by the tissue. This combined novel setup could pave the way for clinical trials benefiting from the complementary value of intraoperative NIR fluorescence imaging and Raman spectroscopy to avoid positive margins in cancer surgery.@en