Enterprise Modelling (EM) is the process of producing models, which in turn can be used to support understanding, analysis, (re)design, reasoning, control and learning about various aspects of an enterprise. Various EM techniques and languages exist, and are often supported by computational tools, in particular simulation. The goal of this thesis is to study the effects and advantages of applying constraint programming (CP) to EM. To the best of my knowledge, no previous study has explicitly combined EM and CP. On the topic of applying CP to EM, this thesis explains where it can be applied, as well as its requirements and advantages. Furthermore, it explains a possible approach where a neural network, trained on a simulation model that represents an enterprise model, is embedded into a constraint program. This approach is supported with experiments, that show typical business objectives can be embedded in a constraint program and find solutions to it in a multi-objective context. The main conclusion is that due to CP being a declarative programming technique, business constraints and goals can be effectively modelled into a constraint program, making the approach understandable and intuitive for business analysts to use. This thesis argues alternative approaches to apply CP to EM can also be realised. Some of these, as well as improvements over the proposed method, are also discussed.

One of the greatest challenges in marketing is measuring the return of investment of a marketing campaign and translating that into a strategy. Companies spend a lot of money on marketing without knowing how eective certain marketing campaigns are. To solve this problem for bunq, we will be using machine learning to create a marketing attribution system which outputs the optimal parameters for advertisements, based on data from all previous bunq advertisements. This tool can be used by the marketing department of bunq to increase its eciency. The marketing attribution project consists of three parts: the machine learning model itself, the input data of the machine learning model and the system through which people can get output of the model. The machine learning model is created by a data scientist at bunq. The model uses supervised learning, a method that uses a set of annotated training data as a supervisor for learning patterns. We specically make use of deep learning models that use regression to nd either the expected amount of clicks or the cost per acquisition of an advertisement. The results of these models are presented as a JSON le containing the best n advertisement options and their features. The input data to train the machine learning model was created by us. One component of the input data are the so-called touchpoints from Adjust. Adjust is an advertisement tracking company, which helps bunq with gathering data about all online encounters people had with bunq, like clicks on bunq advertisements or visits to the bunq website. The Adjust data gives the machine learning model information about how often an advertisement has been seen or clicked on, but it does not give information about how ecient an advertisement was in terms of the gained users. To solve this, we wrote an algorithm that anonymously matches the Adjust data to user data in the bunq database, based on IP-address and timestamps. The more links an advertisement has with users, the more ecient it is since it has been part of a process that convinced many users to become a bunq user. With this input data the machine learning model can be trained. The second part of the project is creating a connection to the machine learning model in such a way that the marketing department can use it. We created a python server that accepts calls from the bunq backend and sends the calls to the model, which is written in Java. It will then pass on the response of the model back to the bunq backend. In the python server, we use a bayesian technique to determine the best inputs for the marketing attribution machine learning model, to nally get the best possible parameters for a certain advertisement. All code in the backend is written in PHP and .json in a very clear Model View Controller structure, with strict bunq coding guidelines. Testing is done with PHPUnit tests.

Simulation–optimization is often used in enterprise decision-making processes, both operational and tactical. This paper shows how an intuitive mapping from descriptive problem to optimization model can be realized with Constraint Programming (CP). It shows how a CP model can be constructed given a simulation model and a set of business goals. The approach is to train a neural network (NN) on simulation model inputs and outputs, and embed the NN into the CP model together with a set of soft constraints that represent business goals. We study this novel simulation–optimization approach through a set of experiments, finding that it is flexible to changing multiple objectives simultaneously, allows an intuitive mapping from business goals expressed in natural language to a formal model suitable for state-of-the-art optimization solvers, and is realizable for diverse managerial problems.@en