The long-term effects of environmental conditions, such as seawater salinity, on the extracellular investigated EPS changes during a stepwise increase in salinity (0–4%), renewing over 90% of biomass at each condition. Stable granulation, complete anaerobic acetate uptake, and phosphate removal were maintained throughout. FT-IR of granules showed significant changes in glycans (1025 cm⁻¹) and sialic acid (1730 cm⁻¹), which were reflected in the EPS. Lectin microarray revealed that increasing salinity reduced glycan diversity in EPS glycoproteins, while increasing negatively charged groups, including sialic acids and sulfated groups. At 4% salinity, EPS negative charge increased by 19.8% compared to 0%. Microbial community composition shifted from a diverse mix (Dechloromonas; 23%, “Candidatus Competibacter”; 13%, “Candidatus Accumulibacter”; 28%) at 0% to a dominant (69% – 75%) unclassified Accumulibacter clade I species at 1 - 4% salinity. Metaproteomic analysis showed strong upregulation of genes of “Ca. Accumulibacter” involved in monosaccharide, lipopolysaccharide, and peptidoglycan biosynthesis from 3% - 4% salinity, indicating its adaptation to salinity stress. Dechloromonas and “Ca. Competibacter” represented a minor or a non-significant fraction of those proteins related to glycan synthesis across the salinities. Despite that no glycoprotein biosynthesis pathways were identified in the metaproteomic data, three putative glycoproteins produced by “Ca. Accumulibacter” were detected across all conditions. They were downregulated as the salinity increased. These findings highlight how “Ca.Accumulibacter” dynamically adapts its EPS, particularly glycoprotein glycans, in response to increasing salinity, offering new insights into EPS adaptation under environmental stress.

Biological wastewater treatment relies on microorganisms that grow as flocs, biofilms, or granules for efficient separation of biomass from cleaned water. This biofilm structure emerges from the interactions between microbes that produce, and are embedded in, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The true composition and structure of the EPS responsible for dense biofilm formation are still obscure. We conducted a bottom-up approach utilizing advanced glycomic techniques to explore the glycan diversity in the EPS from a highly enriched “Candidatus Accumulibacter” granular sludge. Rare novel sugar monomers such as N-Acetylquinovosamine (QuiNAc) and 2-O-Methylrhamnose (2-OMe-Rha) were identified to be present in the EPS of both enrichments. Further, a high diversity in the glycoprotein structures of said EPS was identified by means of lectin based microarrays. We explored the genetic potential of “Ca. Accumulibacter” high quality metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) to showcase the shortcoming of top-down bioinformatics based approaches at predicting EPS composition and structure, especially when dealing with glycans and glycoconjugates. This work suggests that more bottom-up research is necessary to understand the composition and complex structure of EPS in biofilms since genome based inference cannot directly predict glycan structures and glycoconjugate diversity.

Bacteria can synthesize a diverse array of glycans, being found attached to proteins and lipids or as loosely associated polysaccharides to the cells. The major challenge in glycan analysis in environmental samples lies in developing high-throughput and comprehensive characterization methodologies to elucidate the structure and monitor the change of the glycan profile, especially in protein glycosylation. To this end, in the current research, the dynamic change of the glycan profile of a few extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) samples was investigated by high-throughput lectin microarray and mass spectrometry, as well as sialylation and sulfation analysis. Those EPS were extracted from aerobic granular sludge collected at different stages during its adaptation to the seawater condition. It was found that there were glycoproteins in all of the EPS samples. In response to the exposure to seawater, the amount of glycoproteins and their glycan diversity displayed an increase during adaptation, followed by a decrease once the granules reached a stable state of adaptation. Information generated sheds light on the approaches to identify and monitor the diversity and dynamic alteration of the glycan profile of the EPS in response to environmental stimuli.