FF
F.A. Floriana Ayumurti Kukuh
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2 records found
1
Master thesis
(2019)
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Ayu Floriana Ayumurti Kukuh, Luuk Rietveld, Sebastiaan Heijman, Ralph Lindeboom, Irene Caltran
In drinking water production, natural organic matter (NOM) is sometimes removed using ion exchange (IEX) resin. This treatment method has a limitation based on the exchanging capacity on the resin. Therefore, the resin needs to be regenerated when it is saturated with adsorbed NOM which leads to the production of brine. In general, NaCl is used to regenerate the resin, hence, the brine will contain NOM, high sodium and chloride concentrations. Moreover, some other anions are also found in the IEX brine, such as sulphate that is usually present in surface water and ground water. Because of its salinity, the disposal of IEX brine is not possible to be done conventionally due to its impact on the environment and high cost. Therefore, separating chloride from the brine is an interesting alternative that can be reused for the regeneration of the IEX in the later process.
Ceramic nanofiltration (NF) emerges to be an interesting alternative for water treatment. Compared to polymeric membranes, this type of membrane offers great mechanical robustness and can be operated under extreme conditions, and tolerates high-pressure backwash, chemical cleaning, and high-temperature sterilization, which leads to longer periods of reliable performance. Moreover, ceramic NF membranes are potentially capable to separate multivalent ions from monovalent ions. Hence, this method could be applicable to treat IEX brine. Alternatively, chemical precipitation using barium and calcium is widely used to remove sulphate from water which is more straight forward than membrane filtration. The precipitates can be mechanically separated from the supernatant for further treatment or use.
Combination of chemical precipitation and ceramic NF membrane (later called as integrated sulphate removal) was investigated to remove sulphate from IEX brine. Along with that, investigation using synthetic brines consisting of Na2SO4 and NaCl for a binary salt solution and only Na2SO4 for a single salt solution was also conducted to build the understanding in treating the IEX brine. Barium salt was proved to efficiently remove sulphate due to its very low solubility. However, calcium salt was not as effective as barium salt. The treatment was followed by NF using a ceramic membrane with MWCO of 900 Da. In the end, the integrated approach was able to remove 86% of the sulphate and 85% of NOM from IEX brine. Furthermore, the precipitation stage was also modelled in PhreeqC by using Pitzer database.
Barium salt (BaCl2.2H2O) was preferred in this research for precipitating the sulphate. However, due to its toxicity, alternative precipitation was desired. Ettringite (calcium sulfoaluminate) precipitation was considered since the involving salts were not toxic. The efficacy of this method was predicted through modelling in PhreeqC to give some insight to alternatively removing sulphate from IEX brine. Eventually, a comparison using cost estimation and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) were performed to obtain some considerations to implement the treatment alternative in a full-scale application.
...
Ceramic nanofiltration (NF) emerges to be an interesting alternative for water treatment. Compared to polymeric membranes, this type of membrane offers great mechanical robustness and can be operated under extreme conditions, and tolerates high-pressure backwash, chemical cleaning, and high-temperature sterilization, which leads to longer periods of reliable performance. Moreover, ceramic NF membranes are potentially capable to separate multivalent ions from monovalent ions. Hence, this method could be applicable to treat IEX brine. Alternatively, chemical precipitation using barium and calcium is widely used to remove sulphate from water which is more straight forward than membrane filtration. The precipitates can be mechanically separated from the supernatant for further treatment or use.
Combination of chemical precipitation and ceramic NF membrane (later called as integrated sulphate removal) was investigated to remove sulphate from IEX brine. Along with that, investigation using synthetic brines consisting of Na2SO4 and NaCl for a binary salt solution and only Na2SO4 for a single salt solution was also conducted to build the understanding in treating the IEX brine. Barium salt was proved to efficiently remove sulphate due to its very low solubility. However, calcium salt was not as effective as barium salt. The treatment was followed by NF using a ceramic membrane with MWCO of 900 Da. In the end, the integrated approach was able to remove 86% of the sulphate and 85% of NOM from IEX brine. Furthermore, the precipitation stage was also modelled in PhreeqC by using Pitzer database.
Barium salt (BaCl2.2H2O) was preferred in this research for precipitating the sulphate. However, due to its toxicity, alternative precipitation was desired. Ettringite (calcium sulfoaluminate) precipitation was considered since the involving salts were not toxic. The efficacy of this method was predicted through modelling in PhreeqC to give some insight to alternatively removing sulphate from IEX brine. Eventually, a comparison using cost estimation and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) were performed to obtain some considerations to implement the treatment alternative in a full-scale application.
...
In drinking water production, natural organic matter (NOM) is sometimes removed using ion exchange (IEX) resin. This treatment method has a limitation based on the exchanging capacity on the resin. Therefore, the resin needs to be regenerated when it is saturated with adsorbed NOM which leads to the production of brine. In general, NaCl is used to regenerate the resin, hence, the brine will contain NOM, high sodium and chloride concentrations. Moreover, some other anions are also found in the IEX brine, such as sulphate that is usually present in surface water and ground water. Because of its salinity, the disposal of IEX brine is not possible to be done conventionally due to its impact on the environment and high cost. Therefore, separating chloride from the brine is an interesting alternative that can be reused for the regeneration of the IEX in the later process.
Ceramic nanofiltration (NF) emerges to be an interesting alternative for water treatment. Compared to polymeric membranes, this type of membrane offers great mechanical robustness and can be operated under extreme conditions, and tolerates high-pressure backwash, chemical cleaning, and high-temperature sterilization, which leads to longer periods of reliable performance. Moreover, ceramic NF membranes are potentially capable to separate multivalent ions from monovalent ions. Hence, this method could be applicable to treat IEX brine. Alternatively, chemical precipitation using barium and calcium is widely used to remove sulphate from water which is more straight forward than membrane filtration. The precipitates can be mechanically separated from the supernatant for further treatment or use.
Combination of chemical precipitation and ceramic NF membrane (later called as integrated sulphate removal) was investigated to remove sulphate from IEX brine. Along with that, investigation using synthetic brines consisting of Na2SO4 and NaCl for a binary salt solution and only Na2SO4 for a single salt solution was also conducted to build the understanding in treating the IEX brine. Barium salt was proved to efficiently remove sulphate due to its very low solubility. However, calcium salt was not as effective as barium salt. The treatment was followed by NF using a ceramic membrane with MWCO of 900 Da. In the end, the integrated approach was able to remove 86% of the sulphate and 85% of NOM from IEX brine. Furthermore, the precipitation stage was also modelled in PhreeqC by using Pitzer database.
Barium salt (BaCl2.2H2O) was preferred in this research for precipitating the sulphate. However, due to its toxicity, alternative precipitation was desired. Ettringite (calcium sulfoaluminate) precipitation was considered since the involving salts were not toxic. The efficacy of this method was predicted through modelling in PhreeqC to give some insight to alternatively removing sulphate from IEX brine. Eventually, a comparison using cost estimation and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) were performed to obtain some considerations to implement the treatment alternative in a full-scale application.
Ceramic nanofiltration (NF) emerges to be an interesting alternative for water treatment. Compared to polymeric membranes, this type of membrane offers great mechanical robustness and can be operated under extreme conditions, and tolerates high-pressure backwash, chemical cleaning, and high-temperature sterilization, which leads to longer periods of reliable performance. Moreover, ceramic NF membranes are potentially capable to separate multivalent ions from monovalent ions. Hence, this method could be applicable to treat IEX brine. Alternatively, chemical precipitation using barium and calcium is widely used to remove sulphate from water which is more straight forward than membrane filtration. The precipitates can be mechanically separated from the supernatant for further treatment or use.
Combination of chemical precipitation and ceramic NF membrane (later called as integrated sulphate removal) was investigated to remove sulphate from IEX brine. Along with that, investigation using synthetic brines consisting of Na2SO4 and NaCl for a binary salt solution and only Na2SO4 for a single salt solution was also conducted to build the understanding in treating the IEX brine. Barium salt was proved to efficiently remove sulphate due to its very low solubility. However, calcium salt was not as effective as barium salt. The treatment was followed by NF using a ceramic membrane with MWCO of 900 Da. In the end, the integrated approach was able to remove 86% of the sulphate and 85% of NOM from IEX brine. Furthermore, the precipitation stage was also modelled in PhreeqC by using Pitzer database.
Barium salt (BaCl2.2H2O) was preferred in this research for precipitating the sulphate. However, due to its toxicity, alternative precipitation was desired. Ettringite (calcium sulfoaluminate) precipitation was considered since the involving salts were not toxic. The efficacy of this method was predicted through modelling in PhreeqC to give some insight to alternatively removing sulphate from IEX brine. Eventually, a comparison using cost estimation and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) were performed to obtain some considerations to implement the treatment alternative in a full-scale application.
The quality of treated drinking water in the distribution network might deteriorate even though the quality of water leaving the treatment plant has been set to be at the highest level. Regrowth of microorganisms or known as microbiological instability is found to be one of the responsible causes for the change of the water quality. This instability might also occur in household connections due to the higher temperature, longer residence time, and the possibility of mixing with contaminated water from the household. However, chlorination is not desired to be applied in the treatment process, especially in the Netherlands. Moreover, the Dutch future heating system will be replaced with a heat pump system where the temperature of the water will be estimated at around 40°C, as it is a comfortable temperature for showering. Whilst, the hot water supply system in current situation heats the water until around 60°C and then is combined with cold water until it reaches the comfortable temperature. The future heating system will enhance the risk of microbial contamination since the temperature is within the range where Legionella can survive. Ultrasound disinfection emerges as a solution as it offers a physical disinfection method, which does not change the quality of the water chemically. According to this opportunity and the risk of bacterial regrowth in the household connection, an investigation on the efficacy of ultrasound disinfection in microbial growth control in the household is desired. At the end of this research, an experimental set-up and research plan are established to investigate the efficacy of ultrasound disinfection for microbial growth control in household water system provide water of 40°C.
...
The quality of treated drinking water in the distribution network might deteriorate even though the quality of water leaving the treatment plant has been set to be at the highest level. Regrowth of microorganisms or known as microbiological instability is found to be one of the responsible causes for the change of the water quality. This instability might also occur in household connections due to the higher temperature, longer residence time, and the possibility of mixing with contaminated water from the household. However, chlorination is not desired to be applied in the treatment process, especially in the Netherlands. Moreover, the Dutch future heating system will be replaced with a heat pump system where the temperature of the water will be estimated at around 40°C, as it is a comfortable temperature for showering. Whilst, the hot water supply system in current situation heats the water until around 60°C and then is combined with cold water until it reaches the comfortable temperature. The future heating system will enhance the risk of microbial contamination since the temperature is within the range where Legionella can survive. Ultrasound disinfection emerges as a solution as it offers a physical disinfection method, which does not change the quality of the water chemically. According to this opportunity and the risk of bacterial regrowth in the household connection, an investigation on the efficacy of ultrasound disinfection in microbial growth control in the household is desired. At the end of this research, an experimental set-up and research plan are established to investigate the efficacy of ultrasound disinfection for microbial growth control in household water system provide water of 40°C.